Dr Claire Turner

School of Biosciences

Senior Research Fellow

c.e.turner@sheffield.ac.uk
+44 114 222 2819

Profile

2017-present: Royal Society/ Wellcome Trust Sir Henry Dale Research Fellow, University of Sheffield
2017-present: Florey Institute Research Fellow, University of Sheffield
2013-2016: Imperial College Junior Research Fellow
2009-2013: Research Associate, National Centre for Infection Prevention & Management, Imperial College London
2005-2009: PhD, Imperial College London.

Research interests

My research focus is on trying to understand the mechanisms behind upsurges in disease caused by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A Streptococcus). Upsurges occur frequently and can be associated with specific genotypes.

I use a combination of whole genome sequencing, epidemiology, clinical analysis and phenotypic work to try and identify what makes strains successful at causing disease and become suddenly more abundant.

One of my particular interests is recombination-related genome remodelling, which we identified to be the driving force behind a very recent shift in the population of the S. pyogenes genotype emm89. A new variant of emm89 emerged from the population having undergone six regions of recombination within the core genome.

This recombination-related genome remodelling led to substantial phenotype changes, including loss of the hyaluronic acid capsule and increase of toxin expression, altering the way this genotype interacted with the host.

The emergent variant has now become the dominant form of emm89 in the UK and globally, causing a high level of disease. Understanding how recombination occurs and what the impact of recombination is on the bacterium are part of my research aims.

Publications

Show: Featured publications All publications

Featured publications

Journal articles

Turner CE, Holden MTG, Blane B, Horner C, Peacock SJ & Sriskandan S (2019) The emergence of successful streptococcus pyogenes lineages through convergent pathways of capsule loss and recombination directing high toxin expression. mBio, 10(6). View this article in WRRO
Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Marks M, Cerami C, Roca A, Antonio M , Turner CE et al (2019) High burden and seasonal variation of paediatric scabies and pyoderma prevalence in the Gambia : a cross-sectional study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(10). View this article in WRRO
Lynskey NN, Jauneikaite E, Li HK, Zhi X, Turner CE, Mosavie M, Pearson M, Asai M, Lobkowicz L, Chow JY , Parkhill J et al (2019) Emergence of dominant toxigenic M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes clone during increased scarlet fever activity in England : a population-based molecular epidemiological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. View this article in WRRO
Reglinski M, Sriskandan S & Turner C (2019) Identification of two new core chromosome-encoded superantigens in Streptococcus pyogenes; speQ and speR. Journal of Infection. View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Bedford L, Brown NM, Judge K, Török ME, Parkhill J & Peacock SJ (2017) Community outbreaks of group A Streptococcus revealed by genome sequencing. Scientific Reports, 7(1). View this article in WRRO
Afshar B, Turner CE, Lamagni T, Smith K, Al-Shahib A, Underwood A, Holden M, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S (2017) Enhanced nasopharyngeal infection and shedding associated with an epidemic lineage of emm3 group A Streptococcus. Virulence, 8(7), 1390-1400. View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Pyzio M, Song B, Lamagni T, Meltzer M, Chow JY, Efstratiou A, Curtis S & Sriskandan S (2016) Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(6), 1075-1078.
Turner CE, Abbott J, Lamagni T, Holden MTG, David S, Jones MD, Game L, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S () Emergence of a New Highly Successful Acapsular Group A Streptococcus Clade of Genotype emm89 in the United Kingdom. mBio, 6(4). View this article in WRRO

All publications

Journal articles

Buddle JE, Thompson LM, Williams AS, Wright RCT, Durham WM, Turner CE, Chaudhuri RR, Brockhurst MA & Fagan RP (2024) Identification of pathways to high-level vancomycin resistance in Clostridioides difficile that incur high fitness costs in key pathogenicity traits. PLOS Biology, 22(8). View this article in WRRO
Hall JN, Bah SY, Khalid H, Brailey A, Coleman S, Kirk T, Hussain N, Tovey M, Chaudhuri RR, Davies S , Tilley L et al (2024) Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes (StrepA) non-invasive isolates during the 2022–2023 UK upsurge. Microbial Genomics, 10(8).
Armitage EP, de Crombrugghe G, Keeley AJ, Senghore E, Camara FE, Jammeh M, Bittaye A, Ceesay H, Ceesay I, Samateh B , Manneh M et al (2024) Streptococcus pyogenes carriage and infection within households in The Gambia: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Microbe.
Hall J, Angyal A, Armitage E, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Keeley A, McCarthy J , Turner C et al (2023) 44 Quantitative PCR demonstrates the underestimated burden of Streptococcus pyogenes as a cause of paediatric pyoderma in The Gambia. Clinical Infection in Practice, 20(Supplement 1). View this article in WRRO
Li HK, Zhi X, Vieira A, Whitwell HJ, Schricker A, Jauneikaite E, Li H, Yosef A, Andrew I, Game L , Turner CE et al (2023) Characterization of emergent toxigenic M1UK Streptococcus pyogenes and associated sublineages. Microbial Genomics, 9(4).
Catton EA, Bonsor DA, Herrera C, Stålhammar-Carlemalm M, Lyndin M, Turner CE, Soden J, van Strijp JAG, Singer BB, van Sorge NM , Lindahl G et al (2023) Human CEACAM1 is targeted by a Streptococcus pyogenes adhesin implicated in puerperal sepsis pathogenesis. Nature Communications, 14.
Turner CE (2022) Can group A streptococcus infections be influenced by viruses in the respiratory tract?. The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
Jagne I, Keeley AJ, Bojang A, Camara B, Jallow E, Senghore E, Oluwalana C, Bah SY, Turner CE, Sesay AK , D’Alessandro U et al (2022) Impact of intra-partum azithromycin on carriage of group A streptococcus in the Gambia: a posthoc analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1).
Tan LKK, Reglinski M, Teo D, Reza N, Lamb LEM, Nageshwaran V, Turner CE, Wikstrom M, Frick IM, Bjorck L & Sriskandan S (2021) Vaccine-induced, but not natural immunity, against the Streptococcal inhibitor of complement protects against invasive disease. npj Vaccines, 6(1).
Remmington A, Haywood S, Edgar J, Green LR, de Silva T & Turner CE (2021) Cryptic prophages within a Streptococcus pyogenes genotype emm4 lineage. Microbial Genomics, 7(1).
Siggins MK, Lynskey NN, Lamb LE, Johnson LA, Huse KK, Pearson M, Banerji S, Turner CE, Woollard K, Jackson DG & Sriskandan S (2020) Extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis drives Streptococcus pyogenes systemic infection. Nature Communications, 11(1).
Turner CE, Holden MTG, Blane B, Horner C, Peacock SJ & Sriskandan S (2019) The emergence of successful streptococcus pyogenes lineages through convergent pathways of capsule loss and recombination directing high toxin expression. mBio, 10(6). View this article in WRRO
Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Marks M, Cerami C, Roca A, Antonio M , Turner CE et al (2019) High burden and seasonal variation of paediatric scabies and pyoderma prevalence in the Gambia : a cross-sectional study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(10). View this article in WRRO
Sharma H, Turner CE, Siggins MK, El-Bahrawy M, Pichon B, Kearns A & Sriskandan S (2019) Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 evaluation and antibiotic impact in a transgenic model of staphylococcal soft tissue infection. mSphere, 4(5). View this article in WRRO
Lynskey NN, Jauneikaite E, Li HK, Zhi X, Turner CE, Mosavie M, Pearson M, Asai M, Lobkowicz L, Chow JY , Parkhill J et al (2019) Emergence of dominant toxigenic M1T1 Streptococcus pyogenes clone during increased scarlet fever activity in England : a population-based molecular epidemiological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Bubba L & Efstratiou A (2019) Pathogenicity factors in group C and G streptococci. Microbiology Spectrum, 7(3). View this article in WRRO
Davies FJ, Olme C, Lynskey NN, Turner CE & Sriskandan S (2019) Streptococcal superantigen‐induced expansion of human tonsil T cells leads to altered T follicular helper cell phenotype, B cell death and reduced immunoglobulin release. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. View this article in WRRO
Reglinski M, Sriskandan S & Turner C (2019) Identification of two new core chromosome-encoded superantigens in Streptococcus pyogenes; speQ and speR. Journal of Infection. View this article in WRRO
Davies F, Olme C, Lynskey N, Turner C & Sriskandan S (2018) Streptococcal superantigen-induced expansion of human tonsil T cells leads to altered T follicular helper cell phenotype, B cell death, and reduced immunoglobulin release.
Lamb LE, Siggins MK, Scudamore C, Macdonald W, Turner CE, Lynskey NN, Tan LKK & Sriskandan S (2018) Impact of contusion injury on intramuscular emm1 group a streptococcus infection and lymphatic spread. Virulence, 9(1), 1074-1084. View this article in WRRO
Edwards RJ, Pyzio M, Gierula M, Turner CE, Abdul-Salam VB & Sriskandan S (2018) Proteomic analysis at the sites of clinical infection with invasive Streptococcus pyogenes. Scientific Reports, 8(1). View this article in WRRO
Remmington A & Turner CE (2018) The DNases of pathogenic Lancefield streptococci.. Microbiology, 164(3), 242-250. View this article in WRRO
Sharma H, Smith D, Turner CE, Game L, Pichon B, Hope R, Hill R, Kearns A & Sriskandan S (2018) Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 24(2). View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Bedford L, Brown NM, Judge K, Török ME, Parkhill J & Peacock SJ (2017) Community outbreaks of group A Streptococcus revealed by genome sequencing. Scientific Reports, 7(1). View this article in WRRO
Afshar B, Turner CE, Lamagni T, Smith K, Al-Shahib A, Underwood A, Holden M, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S (2017) Enhanced nasopharyngeal infection and shedding associated with an epidemic lineage of emm3 group A Streptococcus. Virulence, 8(7), 1390-1400. View this article in WRRO
Al-Shahib A, Underwood A, Afshar B, Turner CE, Lamagni T, Sriskandan S & Efstratiou A (2016) Corrigendum: Emergence of a novel lineage containing a prophage in emm/M3 group A Streptococcus associated with upsurge in invasive disease in the UK. Microbial Genomics, 2(11).
Al-Shahib A, Underwood A, Afshar B, Turner CE, Lamagni T, Sriskandan S & Efstratiou A (2016) Emergence of a novel lineage containing a prophage in emm/M3 group A Streptococcus associated with upsurge in invasive disease in the UK. Microbial Genomics, 2(6). View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Pyzio M, Song B, Lamagni T, Meltzer M, Chow JY, Efstratiou A, Curtis S & Sriskandan S (2016) Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(6), 1075-1078.
Smith DS, Siggins MK, Gierula M, Pichon B, Turner CE, Lynskey NN, Mosavie M, Kearns AM, Edwards RJ & Sriskandan S (2016) Identification of commonly expressed exoproteins and proteolytic cleavage events by proteomic mining of clinically relevant UK isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial Genomics, 2(2). View this article in WRRO
Lamb L, MacDonald W, Scudamore C, Tan L, Lynskey N, Turner CE & Sriskandan S (2015) The effect of trauma on invasive group A streptococcal (IGAS) disease. Journal of Infection, 71(6), 686-686.
Turner CE & Sriskandan S (2015) Panton–Valentine leucocidin expression by Staphylococcus aureus exposed to common antibiotics. Journal of Infection, 71(3), 338-346.
Lynskey NN, Turner CE, Heng LS & Sriskandan S (2015) A Truncation in the Regulator RocA Underlies Heightened Capsule Expression in Serotype M3 Group A Streptococci. Infection and Immunity, 83(4), 1732-1733. View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Dryden M, Holden MTG, Davies FJ, Lawrenson RA, Farzaneh L, Bentley SD, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S (2013) Molecular Analysis of an Outbreak of Lethal Postpartum Sepsis Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 51(7), 2089-2095. View this article in WRRO
Al-Shahib A, Afshar B, Underwood A, Turner C, Sriskandan S, Holden M, Parkhill J & Efstratiou A (2013) P194 Molecular anatomy of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) isolates in England. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 42, S103-S104.
Davies F, Turner C, Boyle J & Sriskandan S (2010) Streptococcus pyogenes superantigen SPEA expression suppresses all immunoglobulin classes in human tonsil explants. Journal of Infection, 61(6), 518-518.
(2009) ERRATUM. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(8), 1353-1353.
Turner CE, Kurupati P, Jones MD, Edwards RJ & Sriskandan S (2009) Emerging Role of the Interleukin‐8 Cleaving Enzyme SpyCEP in ClinicalStreptococcus pyogenesInfection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200(4), 555-563.
Turner CE, Kurupati P, Wiles S, Edwards RJ & Sriskandan S (2009) Impact of immunization against SpyCEP during invasive disease with two streptococcal species: Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus equi. Vaccine, 27(36), 4923-4929.
Zinkernagel AS, Timmer AM, Pence MA, Locke JB, Buchanan JT, Turner CE, Mishalian I, Sriskandan S, Hanski E & Nizet V (2008) The IL-8 Protease SpyCEP/ScpC of Group A Streptococcus Promotes Resistance to Neutrophil Killing. Cell Host & Microbe, 4(2), 170-178.
Turner C & Sriskandan S (2007) Streptococcus pyogenes under pressure. Nature Medicine, 13(8), 909-910.
Edwards RJ, Taylor GW, Ferguson M, Murray S, Rendell N, Wrigley A, Bai Z, Boyle J, Finney SJ, Jones A , Russell HH et al (2005) Specific C‐Terminal Cleavage and Inactivation of Interleukin‐8 by Invasive Disease Isolates ofStreptococcus pyogenes. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192(5), 783-790.
Hall JN, Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Keeley AJ, McCarthy JS, Smeesters P , Turner CE et al () Molecular methods enhance the detection of pyoderma-related Streptococcus pyogenes and emm-type distribution in children. The Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Green LR, Issa R, Albaldi F, Urwin L, Thompson R, Khalid H, Turner CE, Ciani B, Partridge LJ & Monk PN () CD9 co-operation with syndecan-1 is required for a major staphylococcal adhesion pathway. mBio.
Keeley AJ, Groves D, Armitage EP, Senghore E, Jagne YJ, Sallah HJ, Drammeh S, Angyal A, Hornsby H, de Crombrugghe G , Smeesters P et al () Streptococcus pyogenes colonization in children aged 24-59 months in The Gambia: Impact of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and associated serological responses. The Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Catton EA, Bonsor DA, Herrera C, Stålhammar-Carlemalm M, Lyndin M, Turner CE, Soden J, van Strijp JAG, Singer BB, van Sorge NM , Lindahl G et al () Author Correction: Human CEACAM1 is targeted by a Streptococcus pyogenes adhesin implicated in puerperal sepsis pathogenesis. Nature Communications, 14(1).
Carrilero L, Urwin L, Ward E, Choudhury NR, Monk IR, Turner CE, Stinear TP & Corrigan RM () Stringent Response-Mediated Control of GTP Homeostasis Is Required for Long-Term Viability of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology Spectrum.
Bah S, Keeley A, Armitage E, Khalid H, Chaudhuri R, Senghore E, Manneh J, Tilley L, Marks M, Darboe S , Sesay A et al () Genomic characterisation of skin and soft tissue Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from a low-income and a high-income setting. mSphere.
Jabang S, Erhart A, Darboe S, Baldeh A-K, Delforge V, Watson G, Foster-Nyarko E, Salaudeen R, Lawal B, Mackenzie G , Botteaux A et al () Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus Infections in The Gambia. Vaccines, 9(2), 124-124.
Turner CE, Lamagni T, Holden MTG, David S, Jones MD, Game L, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S () Turner et al. Reply to “Emergence of the Same Successful Clade among Distinct Populations of emm89 Streptococcus pyogenes in Multiple Geographic Regions”. mBio, 6(6). View this article in WRRO
Lynskey NN, Goulding D, Gierula M, Turner CE, Dougan G, Edwards RJ & Sriskandan S () RocA Truncation Underpins Hyper-Encapsulation, Carriage Longevity and Transmissibility of Serotype M18 Group A Streptococci. PLoS Pathogens, 9(12), e1003842-e1003842.
Alam FM, Bateman C, Turner CE, Wiles S & Sriskandan S () Non-Invasive Monitoring of Streptococcus pyogenes Vaccine Efficacy Using Biophotonic Imaging. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e82123-e82123. View this article in WRRO
Alam FM, Turner CE, Smith K, Wiles S & Sriskandan S () Correction: Inactivation of the CovR/S Virulence Regulator Impairs Infection in an Improved Murine Model of Streptococcus pyogenes Naso-Pharyngeal Infection. PLoS ONE, 8(9).
Alam FM, Turner CE, Smith K, Wiles S & Sriskandan S () Inactivation of the CovR/S Virulence Regulator Impairs Infection in an Improved Murine Model of Streptococcus pyogenes Naso-Pharyngeal Infection. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61655-e61655.
Turner CE, Sommerlad M, McGregor K, Davies FJ, Pichon B, Chong DLW, Farzaneh L, Holden MTG, Spratt BG, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S () Superantigenic Activity of emm3 Streptococcus pyogenes Is Abrogated by a Conserved, Naturally Occurring smeZ Mutation. PLoS ONE, 7(10), e46376-e46376. View this article in WRRO
Kurupati P, Turner CE, Tziona I, Lawrenson RA, Alam FM, Nohadani M, Stamp GW, Zinkernagel AS, Nizet V, Edwards RJ & Sriskandan S () Chemokine-cleaving Streptococcus pyogenes protease SpyCEP is necessary and sufficient for bacterial dissemination within soft tissues and the respiratory tract. Molecular Microbiology, 76(6), 1387-1397.
Siggins M, Lynskey NN, Lamb LE, Johnson LA, Huse KK, Pearson M, Banerji S, Turner CE, Woollard K, Jackson DG & Sriskandan S () Lymphatic Metastasis of Virulent Extracellular Bacteria Drives Systemic Infection. SSRN Electronic Journal. View this article in WRRO
Turner CE, Abbott J, Lamagni T, Holden MTG, David S, Jones MD, Game L, Efstratiou A & Sriskandan S () Emergence of a New Highly Successful Acapsular Group A Streptococcus Clade of Genotype emm89 in the United Kingdom. mBio, 6(4). View this article in WRRO

Chapters

Efstratiou A, Lamagni T & Turner CE (2017) Streptococci and Enterococci, Infectious Diseases (pp. 1523-1536.e2). Elsevier
Efstratiou A, Lamagni T & Turner CE (2017) Definition for Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome, Infectious Diseases, 2-Volume Set (pp. 1523-1536.e2).
Efstratiou A, Lamagni T & Turner CE (2016) Streptococci and Enterococci In Cohen J, Powderly W & Opal S (Ed.), Infectious Diseases 4th edition Elsevier
Turner CE, Bubba L & Efstratiou A () Pathogenicity Factors in Group C and G Streptococci, Gram-Positive Pathogens (pp. 264-274). ASM Press

Conference proceedings papers

Alam F, Bateman C, Turner C, Sriskandan S & Wiles S (2010) Bioluminescence imaging of a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pyogenes. LUMINESCENCE, Vol. 25(2) (pp 179-181)

Preprints

Hall JN, Bah SY, Khalid H, Brailey A, Coleman S, Kirk T, Hussain N, Tovey M, Chaudhuri RR, Davies S , Tilley L et al (2024) Molecular characterisation ofStreptococcus pyogenes(StrepA) non-invasive isolates during the 2022-23 UK upsurge, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Hall JN, Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Keeley AJ, McCarthy JS, Smeesters P , Turner CE et al (2024) Molecular methods enhance the detection of pyoderma-related Streptococcus pyogenes and emm-type distribution in children, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Buddle JE, Wright RCT, Turner CE, Chaudhuri RR, Brockhurst MA & Fagan RP (2023) Multiple evolutionary pathways lead to vancomycin resistance in Clostridioides difficile.
Green LR, Issa R, Albaldi F, Urwin L, Khalid H, Turner CE, Ciani B, Partridge LJ & Monk PN (2023) CD9 co-operation with syndecan-1 is required for a major staphylococcal adhesion pathway, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Li HK, Zhi X, Vieira A, Whitwell HJ, Schricker A, Jauneikaite E, Li H, Yosef A, Andrew I, Game L , Turner CE et al (2022) Characterisation of emergent toxigenic M1_UKStreptococcus pyogenesand associated sublineages, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Keeley AJ, Groves D, Armitage EP, Senghore E, Jagne YJ, Sallah HJ, Drammeh S, Angyal A, Hornsby H, de Crombrugghe G , Smeesters P et al (2022) Streptococcus pyogenescolonization in children aged 24-59 months in The Gambia: Impact of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine and associated serological responses, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Armitage EP, Senghore E, Darboe S, Barry M, Camara J, Bah S, Marks M, Cerami C, Roca A, Antonio M , Turner CE et al (2019) High burden and seasonal variation of paediatric scabies and pyoderma prevalence in The Gambia: a cross-sectional study, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Lynskey NN, Jauneikaite E, Li HK, Zhi X, Turner CE, Mosavie M, Pearson M, Asai M, Lobkowicz L, Chow JY , Parkhill J et al (2019) Emergence of Dominant Toxigenic M1T1 Streptococcus Pyogenes Clone During Increased Scarlet Fever Activity in England: A Population-Based Molecular Epidemiological Study, SSRN Electronic Journal.
Bah SY, Keeley AJ, Armitage EP, Khalid H, Chaudhuri RR, Senghore E, Manneh J, Tilley L, Marks M, Darboe S , Sesay AK et al () Comparative genomic analysis of skin and soft tissue Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from low- and high-income settings, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Jagne I, Keeley AJ, Bojang A, Camara B, Jallow E, Senghore E, Oluwalana C, Bah SY, Turner CE, Sesay AK , D’Alessandro U et al () Impact of intra-partum Azithromycin on carriage of group A streptococcus in The Gambia: a posthoc analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Tan LKK, Reglinski M, Teo D, Reza N, Lamb LEM, Nageshwaran V, Turner CE, Wikstrom M, Frick I-M, Bjorck L & Sriskandan S () Vaccine-induced, but not natural immunity, against the Streptococcal Inhibitor of Complement protects against invasive disease, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Remmington A, Haywood S, Edgar J & Turner CE () Cryptic prophages within a Streptococcus pyogenes genotype emm4 lineage.
Turner CE, Holden MTG, Blane B, Horner C, Peacock SJ & Sriskandan S () The emergence of successfulStreptococcus pyogeneslineages through convergent pathways of capsule loss and recombination directing high toxin expression. View this article in WRRO