Introducing Critical Disability Studies: Indian Contexts, Global Perspectives

Course Overview

This course is being offered as part of a collaborative initiative between Disability Matters, a pan-national research programme based at the University of Sheffield, and the Department of Psychology at Kamala Nehru College, University of Delhi.

As part of this collaboration, and specifically aligned with Disability Matters’ focus on researcher development, we are introducing this 8-week online course for undergraduate students at Kamala Nehru College and the University of Delhi. The course reflects a shared commitment to advancing critical disability studies, inclusive pedagogies, and global knowledge exchange.

This course will introduce students to critical perspectives on disability that move beyond medicalised and deficit frameworks, fostering a deeper understanding of disability as lived experience, a site of knowledge, and a political and cultural category. By bringing together national and international scholars, activists, and practitioners, the course situates Indian disability contexts within global debates, while also foregrounding local histories, movements, and lived realities. The course is designed as a space for dialogue, reflection, and mutual learning and to cultivate disability sensitivity and ethical responsibility. Our intention for the course is to enable students to emerge as informed, reflective and hopeful ambassadors for disability-driven thinking and practice within their academic, professional and social environments. 

Participants who attend the course will receive a Certificate of Attendance upon successful completion which includes attending and engaging in a minimum of 6 out of the 8 sessions in the course and submitting the end of course reflective assessment.

• Aims and learning outcomes
• Course structure and format
• Assessment of learning and reflection
• Concluding note
• Course schedule

Aims and Learning Outcomes

By the end of the course, participants will be able to:

• Develop critical perspectives on disability, recognising it as socially, culturally, and politically constructed
• Engage with interdisciplinary approaches, including psychology, sociology, medical humanities, literary and cultural studies
• Understand representations of disabled people in media, culture and society
• Reflect on inclusive research methodologies, research ethics, and accessibility in teaching, research and workplace environments
• Build capacity for disability-inclusive research and disability sensitivity in practice

Course Structure and Format

• Eligibility: Open to undergraduate students across disciplines in Kamala Nehru College and the University of Delhi 
• Delivery Mode: Online via Google Meet
• Session Length: 1.5 hours per session
• Duration: 8 weeks

Format: Online (synchronous and asynchronous components). Lectures will be recorded but discussions will not.

The format of the sessions will be:

• 5 minute opening
• 40 minute lectures (20 minute x 2)
• 5 minute access break
• 30 minute group discussion
• 10 minute reflection

Students will be able to ask questions anonymously using the Google Meet Q&A function.

Access: We are committed to ensuring that the online course is accessible to all students. Automatic live captioning will be available during the sessions and sign language interpretation can be provided upon request. Students are welcome to get in touch if they have any further access needs or require reading materials in alternative formats.

Assessment of Learning and Reflection in the course

As part of the course’s learning and reflective evaluation, students are expected to respond to key themes, questions or provocations emerging from the sessions through creative and reflective formats. These may include, but are not limited to, posters, poems, short fiction, blogs, vlogs, visual essays, or other creative media. This approach recognises multiple ways of knowing and learning, encourages critical and imaginative engagement with course materials, and allows students to articulate their understanding of disability, inclusion, and research ethics in ways that are accessible, meaningful, and personally resonant. These responses will provide students with an opportunity to synthesise their understanding, articulate evolving perspectives on disability, and engage critically with course content. Participation in these creative responses is part of the formal assessment and submission of these responses is necessary for receiving the certificate of completion of the course alongwith the minimum attendance in six out of eight sessions. To celebrate the students’ achievements and contributions, creative submissions will be collated into an online zine and published on the Disability Matters website with credit to contributors.

In addition, to complement the online course, students are also invited to join a monthly peer-led online reading group for extended discussions on disability inspired by the lectures and reading recommendations. The reading group will also be open to students not enrolled in the online course as well as attendees outside of Kamala Nehru College and the University of Delhi. This will offer a space for mutual learning and allow students to network with scholars of diverse disciplines. Attendance and participation at the reading group is optional and will not be assessed. Students are welcome to attend the reading group after the online course ends.

Concluding note

This course is grounded in the principles of accessibility, care, and mutual respect. We are committed to creating an inclusive learning environment that values diverse forms of participation, recognises lived experience as expertise, and remains attentive to access needs across teaching, discussion, and engagement. In introducing undergraduate students to critical disability studies, we aim to lay the groundwork for future teaching, research, and partnerships that centre disability as a critical lens for understanding health, society, and knowledge production. Through this collaborative initiative between Disability Matters, University of Sheffield and the Department of Psychology, Kamala Nehru College, University of Delhi we hope to contribute to longer-term efforts to support inclusive research cultures, ethical scholarship, and the development of disability-positive researchers and practitioners.

Course schedule

February 20th (5.30-7pm IST/12-1.30pm GMT)

1. Introduction to Critical Disability Studies

• What is Critical Disability Studies and how might engagement with critical disability studies expand disability inclusion in India? 

Speakers: Prof Dan Goodley and Sandeep R. Singh 

Chair: Dr Ankita Mishra

Working title: Introduction to critical disability studies

Keywords: Critical disability studies, nothing about us without us, intersectionality 

Bio: Dan Goodley is Professor of Disability Studies at the University of Sheffield and the Principle Investigator of three current research projects: Disability Matters, WAARC and Humanising Healthcare. 

Sandeep R. Singh is an Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies at Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Delhi, India where he teaches courses on Disability Studies, World Literature, Literary Comparison, Narratology and Life-Writing. He is also a Visiting Scholar at Disability Matters, University of Sheffield, a major six-year pan-national programme of disability, health and science research, funded by a Wellcome Trust Discretionary Award (2023 - 2029).

Recommended readings/resources:

Goodley, D., Lawthom, R., Liddiard, K., & Runswick-Cole, K. (2021). Key Concerns for Critical Disability Studies. The International Journal of Disability and Social Justice, 1(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.13169/intljofdissocjus.1.1.0027

Goodley, D. (2024). Depathologising the university. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2024.2316007

Meekosha, Helen, and Russell Shuttleworth. “What’s So ‘Critical’ about Critical Disability Studies?” Australian Journal of Human Rights, vol. 15, no. 1, 2009, pp. 47–75. DOI:10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910861.

Ghai, Anita, editor. Disability in South Asia: Knowledge and Experience. SAGE Publications India, 2018. Introduction.

Introduction to Critical Disability Studies slides

Introduction to Critical Disability Studies recording

 February 27th (5.30-7pm IST/12-1.30pm GMT)

2. Accessible Events and Teaching 

• How can teaching, learning, and university events be designed to be genuinely accessible, inclusive, and responsive to diverse disabled learners?

Speakers Dr Antonios Ktenidis and Dr Karuna Rajeev

Chair: Dr Ankita Mishra

Working title: Anti-Ableism in Teaching and Research

Keywords: anti-ableism, disability, access intimacy, teaching and learning, research culture(s)

Bio: Dr Antonios Ktenidis (SFHEA) is a Lecturer at the School of Education, University of Sheffield. His research is interdisciplinary, bringing together Critical Disability Studies (CDS), Disabled Children’s Childhood Studies, Short Studies, and different Sociologies (of Education, of Space, of Stature, Medical Sociology), to explore the intersections of ableism, disablism, heightism and developmentalism in education and beyond. He is further interested in the development of anti-ableist research cultures (see WAARC: Anti-Ableist Research Culture) and anti-ableist pedagogies. He is also a Co-Investigator in the project "Amplifying the mental health of Black university students: A Black, Mad, and Disability Studies Intersectional Inquiry" funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.

Antonios is the Programme Director for the BA in Education, Culture and Childhood, and he teaches CDS and Inclusive Education to undergraduate and postgraduate (taught and research) students. He is also a co-convenor for the British Educational Research Association’s (BERA) Inclusive Education Special Interest Group (SIG) and a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Disability and Social Justice.

Recommended readings/resources:

Mingus, M. (2017) Access Intimacy, Interdependence and Disability Justice. Available from: https://leavingevidence.wordpress.com/2017/04/12/access-intimacy-interdependence-and-disability-justice/  (blog post)

Valentine, D., 2020. Shifting the weight of inaccessibility: Access intimacy as a critical phenomenological ethos. Puncta, 3(2). (journal article, attached)

Titchkosky, T., 2008. “To pee or not to pee?” Ordinary Talk about Extraordinary Exclusions in a University Environment. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, 33(1), pp.37-60. (journal article, attached)

Hassan, T. (2025) Designing Liberatory Spaces: Holding Racial and Disability Justice Together in Practice. 
Available from: https://equityinclusionsheffield.co.uk/2025/10/13/designing-liberatory-spaces-holding-racial-and-disability-justice-together-in-practice/ (blog post)

Ktenidis, A. (2025) Questioning ableism in education through anti-ableist pedagogies. 
Available from: https://www.bera.ac.uk/blog/questioning-ableism-in-education-through-anti-ableist-pedagogies (blog post)

Working Title: Conserving Disability, Building Access: Rethinking Inclusion in Indian Higher Education

Keywords: Disability in the Global South, pedagogy for disability, disability justice, curriculum accessibility, assessment and accommodation

Bio: Karuna Rajeev is an Assistant Professor in the Department of English at Lady Shri Ram College for Women, University of Delhi. Her research is situated at the intersection of Nineteenth Century Studies, Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, Marginality Studies and Narrative Discourse, with a particular focus on questions of embodiment and representation. Drawing from interdisciplinary frameworks in literary studies, cultural theory, and disability studies, her work examines how narrative structures shape and are shaped by power, normativity, and difference. She completed her PhD at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. She is the co-editor of two forthcoming edited volumes broadly in the area of Literary representations of Marginality and Media representation of Marginality and has worked in syllabus committees that have drafted the University of Delhi’s under graduate syllabus for the Literature and Disability
and Marginalities in Indian Writing courses under the former LOCF framework.

Recommended readings/resources:

Government of India. (2016). The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016. Gazette of India.

Garland-Thomson, R. (2012). "The Case for Conserving Disability." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 9(3), 339–355.

Ghai, A. (2015). Rethinking Disability in India. Routledge India. Hamraie, A. (2017). Building Access: Universal Design and the Politics of Disability. University of Minnesota Press.

Rao, S., & Kalyanpur, M. (Eds.). (2015). South Asia and Disability Studies: Redefining Boundaries and Extending Horizons. Peter Lang.

Singh, V. (2024). The Discourse of Disability: Indian Perspectives. Routledge India.

March 6th (5.30-7pm IST/12-1.30pm GMT)

3. Accessible Workplaces and Inclusive Cultures/environments 

• How can disability help us rethink accessibility, inclusion, and belonging in workplace cultures and environments?

Speakers: Dr Armineh Soorenian and Krishna Warrier

Chair: Sandeep R. Singh

Working title: Co-Designing an Inclusive Work Culture: challenges and opportunities

Keywords: Barriers at work, Challenging ableism, Disability as a tool for empowerment

BIo:  Dr Armineh Soorenian is currently a Research Associate with iHuman and the School of Education at the University of Sheffield. She is working on the Environment strand of Wellcome Anti-ableist Research Culture project funded by the
Wellcome Trust.

Armineh’s research focus has been in the fields of Disability Studies and Education, starting with her PhD at University of Leeds, Centre for Disability Studies, which investigated the inclusivity of British universities for Disabled international students and the accessibility of internationalisation of higher education. Her other research interests include Disabled academics, Disabled women, intersectionality, disability arts and representations, disability hate crime, and inclusive research methods.

Armineh has worked in DPO as well as public sector, where she has researched, commissioned and managed specific policy projects based on Disabled people’s lived experiences in the UK in areas such as Cost of Living, Employment, Social Care and Support, and Public Perceptions and Attitudes towards Disabled people, gathering qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform and influence policy.

Recommended readings/resources:

Ableism in Academia: Theorising experiences of disabilities and chronic illnesses in higher education Nicole Brown (Editor), Jennifer Leigh (Editor). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787354975 

Academic Ableism: Disability and Higher Education Jay T. Dolmage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9708722 

Cripping Research Culture Podcast https://sheffield.ac.uk/ihuman/waarc/cripping-research-culture-podcast

Working title: Beyond Ramps and Checklists: Redesigning the Future of Work

Keywords: Challenging the Myth of the "Ideal Worker", Navigating the "Broken Chain" of Accessibility in India, Digital and Communication Accessibility, Intersectionality: Caste, Gender, and Disability, Moving Beyond "Divyangjan" and Cultural Stigma

Bio: Mr Krishna Warrier has been working in the field of disability awareness for the past 10 years. He is Lead Consultant, Awareness with the Xavier’s Resource Centre for the Visually Challenged (XRCVC), and has conducted over 500 awareness workshops titled Antarchakshu — The Eye Within across India. The XRCVC was started in 2003 at St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, and has today become a national advocacy and support centre for inclusion. Krishna has been visiting faculty at many educational institutions including St Xavier's College, Sophia College, Whistling Woods, Xavier Institute of Communications, and IITB-Monash Research Academy. He has curated a course titled Diversity Discourse, which examines diversity through various prisms, including disability. Till recently, he supported Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL), India's leading FMCG company, in its DEI initiatives, as Inclusion Expert, South Asia. A keen trekker, he is a core committee member of InTrek Mumbai, part of IndiaHikes.

Recommended readings/resources:

"Feminist, Queer, Crip" by Alison Kafer: A foundational international text. Kafer challenges the idea that disability is a "problem" of the future to be cured, arguing instead for a "political/relational" model that pushes for radical inclusion.

"Rethinking Disability in India" by Anita Ghai: Critiques the charity and rehabilitation models prevalent in India and argues for a rights-based identity.

Accessibility Beyond Ramps" (Podcast/Video by India Autism Center): Features Siddhant Shah on moving toward Universal Design.
 

 March 13th (5.30-7pm IST/12-1.30pm GMT)

4. Disability and Medical Humanities 

• How does ableism in medicine and healthcare impact disabled people?

Speakers: Dr Satendra Singh and Dr Christina Lee 

Chair: Prof Dan Goodley

Working title: Medicine’s Unseen Assumptions: Disability, Ableism and Advocacy

Keywords: Health Humanities, ableism, human rights model of disability, disability justice, dignity

Bio: Dr. Satendra Singh is Director-Professor of Physiology at University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi. He received the WHO SEARO Public Health Champion Award in 2025 for reframing disability from a medical issue to a human rights issue, and for influencing policies, and curricula across India and globally.
The Supreme Court of India appointed him as a domain expert in landmark cases—Om Rathod v. DGHS (2024) and Anmol v. NMC (2025). He is a Lancet Commissioner on Disability & Health and a member of the Core Group on Disability at the National Human Rights Commission.

He was awarded the National Award by the President of India in 2021 for making elections in India disability-friendly. He is also the first Indian to receive the Henry Viscardi Achievement Award (2017), conferred globally to exemplary leaders in the disability sector, and the recipient of the National Annual Award for Medical Humanities (2023). He is also a staunch ally of the transgender and intersex community

Recommended reading/resources:

5. Collaborative Projects: Lessons From Bringing together Disabled People’s Organisations and University Researchers

• What does meaningful collaboration between universities and Disabled People’s Organisations look like, and what lessons can be learned from working together?

Speaker: Dr Sophie Phillips and Dr Deepa Palaniappan

Chair: Prof Dan Goodley

Working title: Disability Movement in India through the lens of DPOs: Perspectives from Rashtriya
Viklang Manch and State level DPOs

Keywords: Context and background of DPOs in India, the UNCRPD era and evolution of
Rashtriya Viklang Adhikar Manch, The DPO spirit in Indian Disability movement, What DPO leaders brought to the
table for Disability rights advocacy as a movement in India, Challenges and stagnation – why?, Way forward for meaningful collaboration between DPOs and Academia

Bio: Deepa Palaniappan is currently supporting Azim Premji University Office of Disability Inclusion as a consultant and was instrumental in setting up reasonable accommodations and disability inclusion process at the university. She comes from a background in Disability Inclusive Development work at community level, worked closely
with DPOs and SHGs. She is a Certified Professional in Accessibility core competencies, and a member of International Association of Accessibility Professionals. She had supported poverty alleviation programmes in India, towards mainstreaming disability inclusion at policy and ground level.

Recommended readings/resources:

Chander, Jagdish (2016). Disability Rights Movement in India: Its Origin Methods of Advocacy, Issues and Trends.

Soldatic, Karen, Grech, Shaun (Eds.) (2016). Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook. Springer

Disability Rights Fund (DRF) Reports newzhook.com - A great archive of contemporary DPO activities and protests in
India.

Mehrotra, Nilika (2011). Disability Rights Movements in India: Politics and Practice. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(6), 65-72.

 March 27th (5.30-7pm IST/12-1.30pm GMT)

6. Disability Representation and Narratives

• How is disability represented in society and culture?

Speakers: Dr Priyam Sinha and Dr Krishna Kumar

Chair: Sandeep R. Singh

Working title: From Script to Screen: The Rise of Disability -Centered Storytelling

Keywords: disability, filmmaking, identity, New Bollywood, screenwriting

Bio: Dr Priyam Sinha is an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Institute for Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University in Berlin. Her research interests lie at the intersection of critical media industry studies, disability studies, gender studies, affect studies, production culture studies, and anthropology of the body. Her articles have been published in the European Journal of Cultural Studies; Media, Culture and Society; Communication, Culture and Critique; South Asian Diaspora, among others. She is also a regular podcast host at NewBooksNetwork and has been published in public writing forums like the Economic and Political Weekly, Asian Film Archive, among others.

Recommended readings/resources:

Longmore PK (1985) A note on language and the social identity of disabled people. American Behavioral Scientist 28(3): 419–423.

Friedner M (2017) How the disabled body unites the national body: Disability as ‘feel good’ diversity in urban India. Contemporary South Asia 25(4): 347–363.

Mitchell, D., & Snyder, S. (2006). Narrative Prosthesis and the Materiality of Metaphor. The Disability Studies Reader, 205- 216.

Sinha, P. (2024). Scripting disability as the ‘new’ Bollywood: Pitching, reflecting, researching and negotiating. Media, Culture & Society, 46(4), 725-744.

Sinha, P. (2020). Margarita with a straw: Female sexuality, same sex love, and disability in India. Economic and Political Weekly Engage, 55(14).

Working title: Making the words unmade: An exploration of Indian disability poetics

Keywords: Disability poetics; (self)representation; embodiment; resignification

Bio: Dr. Krishna Kumar S is Assistant Professor in the Department of English, Gargi College, University of Delhi, India. He holds a PhD in English Literature with a specialisation in Disability Studies from the English and Foreign Languages University (EFL-U), Hyderabad, India. For his doctoral research, he conducted a first-of-its-kind analysis of correspondence by blind Anglo-American writers spanning the early modern period to the present. By examining the epistolographies of John Milton, Priscilla Pointon, Helen De Kroyft, Helen Keller, and Georgina Kleege, he demonstrated the complex ways in which blind embodiment and the letter form shape acts of self-representation. His research interests include disability theory, life writing, epistolary studies, nineteenth-century literature, and contemporary poetry. His scholarship on disability has been featured in peer-reviewed journals and edited collections.

Recommended readings/resources:

Ammons, A.R. (1997). A Poem is a Walk, in Set In Motion: Essays, Interviews, and Dialogues, ed. Zofia Burr, University of Michigan Press, 11-19.

Ferris, J. (2004). The Enjambed Body: A Step toward a Crippled Poetics. The Georgia Review, 58(2), 219-233.

Davidson, M. (2012). Disability Poetics, in The Oxford Handbook of Modern and Contemporary American Poetry, ed. Cary Nelson, Oxford University Press.

Weise, J. (2011). The disability rights movement and the legacy of poets with disabilities, in Beauty is a Verb: The New Poetry of Disability, ed. Bartlett et al., Cinco Puntos Press, 138-144.

 April 2nd (5.30-7pm IST/1-2.30pm BST)

7. Research Orientation: Sensitive topics, Vulnerability and Power

• How can researchers ethically engage with sensitive topics, vulnerability, and power when working with disabled people?

Speakers: Dr Ankita Mishra and Dr Nikita Hayden

Chair: Dr Christina Lee

Working title: How can researchers ethically engage with sensitive topics, vulnerability, and power when working with disabled people?

Keywords: Sensitivity, Vulnerability, Power, Self-reflexivity, Ethics

Bio: Dr Ankita Mishra (she/her) is a Research Associate for Health Priorities for the Disability Matters project at iHuman, The University of Sheffield. She is particularly interested in participatory action research, creative and arts-based research methods that amplify multiple ways of knowing and being in marginalised communities affected by intersectional oppression. Ankita is passionate about de-scholarising the academy by transforming academic-community collaborations embodying the principle of ‘Nothing about us without us is for us’. 

Dr Nikita Hayden is a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Sheffield and an assistant professor at the University of Birmingham. Nikita works with researchers with learning disabilities, using participatory and inclusive methods, to explore the experiences of people with learning disabilities.

Recommended readings/resources:

Aldridge, J. (2012). Working with vulnerable groups in social research: dilemmas by default and design. Qualitative Research, 14(1), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112455041 (Original work published 2014)

Ghai, A. (2023). Disabled Bodies, Pain, and the Question of Vulnerability. In M. Malhotra, K. Menon, & R. Johri (Eds.) The Gendered Body in South Asia. Routledge. 

Gustafson DL, Brunger F. Ethics, “Vulnerability,” and Feminist Participatory Action Research With a Disability Community. Qualitative Health Research. 2014;24(7):997-1005. doi:10.1177/1049732314538122

Heath, M. (2025). Rejecting the Label of “Vulnerable Subjects:” How Rethinking Ethical Guidelines for Research With Participants With Physical Disabilities Can Lead to Better Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069251368862 (Original work published 2025)Kara, H. (2017). Identity and power in co-produced activist research. Qualitative Research, 17(3), 2017, 289-301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117696033

iHuman (2023, February). Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) in Research Ethics. University of Sheffield. https://sheffield.ac.uk/ihuman/prn/output-hub/edi-ethics 
 

April 10th (5.30-7pm IST/1-2.30pm BST)

8. Research Methods: Inclusive Methods 

• What do inclusive and participatory research methods look like in practice, and how can they reshape knowledge production in disability research?

Speakers: Dr Ankita Mishra and Dr Nikita Hayden

Chair: Dr Christina Lee

Working title: What do inclusive and participatory research methods look like in practice, and how can they reshape knowledge production in disability research?

Keywords: Participatory Methods, Creative and Arts-Based Methods, Inclusive Data Collection, Postcolonial and Indigenous Methods, Cripping and Queering Methods

Recommended readings/resources:

Bottomley, M., Bradley, J., Clark, L., Collis, B., Daw Srdanovic, B., Farnsworth, V., Ferguson, A. V., Goodley, D., Fox, A., Hayden N. K., Lawthom, C., Lawthom, R.,  Magwood, C., McLean, R., Middleton, I., Owen, A., Prothero, M., Rice, S., Richards, S., Runswick-Cole, K., Scargill, K., Shankar, R., & Wood, T. A.(2024). Co-production with people with learning disabilities: Writing ethics guidelines together. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 52(4), 611-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12590 

Cooper, L. (2021) ‘Take it back: Zines, madness and mental health’, The Polyphony [website] available from: https://thepolyphony.org/2021/05/14/take-it-back-zines-madness-and-mental-health/ (last accessed 21/2/23) 

EXCAPE Urmi. (n.d.). Home [YouTube Channel]. YouTube. Retrieved February 10, 2026, from https://www.youtube.com/@EXCAPEUrmi 

Gauthier-Mamaril, E. (2025, October). Inclusive Creative Methods with Nicole Brown, Cripping Research Culture https://open.spotify.com/episode/1USWYByu9Y0pqPcekMIDhY?si=69f3b141ac49496b 

Kara, H. (2020). Creative Research Methods: A Practical Guide. London: Polity Press.