Biomedical Science with an Industrial Placement Year BSc

Core modules:

Introduction to Physiology with Pharmacology

This module aims to provide students with an introduction to human physiology and pharmacology. It will introduce the fundamental physiological principles that govern the functioning of all cells and tissues within the body. The physiology of normal bodily functions will be explained using a systems-based approach which encourages students' to integrate their understanding of events at a molecular and cellular level with the structure and function of tissues and whole organs. It will examine how these normal bodily functions are affected by disease and drugs, with examples of how model organisms can inform this understanding. It will also provide an opportunity to perform and interpret physiological measurements, giving students hands-on experience of the experimental methods that they will be learning about in lectures.

20 credits

Molecular and Cell Biology

This module considers the fundamental processes at the heart of all life on this planet. Students will learn about the basic molecular processes that enable cells to store and use genetic information to make proteins, as well as the mechanisms that allow cell growth, division, and ultimately cell death. Learning materials will be delivered through a combination of lectures, videos, practical classes and independent study.

20 credits

Introduction to Neuroscience

This module aims to provide students with an introduction to neuroscience. It will introduce the fundamental principles of cellular and molecular neuroscience that govern neuronal excitability and neurotransmission. Building on these principles, it will introduce theories relating to how sensory information is processed, and how motor output and aspects of behaviour are controlled by the central nervous system. How the normal functioning of the nervous system is affected by disease and drugs will be examined. It will also provide an opportunity to perform neuroscience experiments and interpret the data. Although focussed on the understanding of human neuroscience, the module will demonstrate how the study of model organisms has contributed to this understanding.

20 credits

Introductory Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology

This module aims to provide students with a general introduction to Developmental, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology. The approach will be concept-based, with an emphasis on the importance of techniques and the interpretation of experimental data. Topics covered include life cycles of the main animal model systems, how cell differences are generated during development, the basic principles of regenerative biology and wound healing as well as stem cell biology. Teaching will take place in a formal lecture environment, supplemented by online tutorials. Assessment will be by formal examination.

10 credits

Skills in Biomedical Science

The Skills for Biomedical Science module introduces students to the fundamentals of scientific practice: lab practical skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, writing and presentation skills, skills reflection, professionalism and career development.

30 credits

Optional modules:

A student will take 20 credits from this group.

Zoology

This course is an introduction to the scientific study of animals. Students will explore the wonders of the animal kingdom through investigations of the physiology, reproduction, development, form and function of a wide diversity of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Students will learn through lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Climate Change and Sustainability

This course introduces the core scientific issues required to understand climate change and sustainability. Students will learn the causes of climate change, its impacts in natural and agricultural ecosystems, the influence of biogeochemical cycles in these ecosystems on climate, and strategies for sustainably managing ecosystems in future. Learning will be achieved via lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Animal Behaviour

This unit will provide an introduction to behaviour, focussing on the four fundamental questions: (i) the evolution of behaviour; (ii) the function of behaviour, (iii) the ontogeny of behaviour and (iv) the causation (or mechanisms) of behaviour. The course will introduce the major concepts and information on specific topics, including sexual behaviour, foraging behaviour and social behaviour in humans and non-humans. A central theme will be the extent to which animal behaviour can inform us about human behaviour and in particular the similarities and differences between the evolutionary approach to animal behaviour and evolutionary psychology.

10 credits

Fundamental Maths for Bioscientists

Proficiency in basic calculations is essential for all scientists. In this module, designed for first-year students in the School of Biosciences who have not studied maths to A-level or equivalent, we will develop the mathematical skills needed to excel as a biologist. Using video tutorials, worksheets, and in-person workshop sessions, students will have the opportunity to build their skills and confidence and develop strategies to tackle complex calculations. Topics covered include arithmetic; concentrations, dilutions and molarity; logarithms; equations and functions; graphical representation of data and descriptive statistics; and probability. 

10 credits

Biochemistry 1

This module provides a broad introduction to Biochemistry and examines the molecules that carry out and control all the chemical reactions in biological cells. The basic chemical concepts underlying the structures, functions and mechanisms of action of biomolecules.

20 credits

Principles of Evolution

This course is an introduction to the core concepts of evolutionary biology and presents evolution as the central unifying theme of modern biology. Students will examine evolutionary patterns throughout earth history from the geological past to the present, and investigate evolutionary mechanisms of selection, adaptation and the origin of species. Concepts and examples will be introduced in lectures and videos, students will then develop their understanding through practical sessions, quizzes, and independent study.

10 credits

Plant Science

This course is an introduction to the scientific study of plants and associated organisms. Students will explore plant origin, diversity, form, reproduction and development, photosynthesis, nutrient and water acquisition, as well as interactions with symbiotic and pathogenic microbes. Students will learn through lectures and videos, practicals and independent study.

20 credits

Evolution

This course is an introduction to evolution as the central unifying theme of modern biology. Students will examine evolutionary patterns from the geological past to the present, and investigate evolutionary mechanisms of selection, adaptation and the origin of species. They will be introduced to the approaches used to study evolution including classical population and quantitative genetics, phylogenetic trees, and the fossil record. Students will learn through lectures, videos, practical sessions, quizzes, and independent study.

20 credits

Microbiology 1

This course is an introduction to the field of microbiology. Students will explore the diversity of microorganisms including Bacteria, Archaea, unicellular Eukaryotes and viruses. They will examine the diversity of the structure and the function of these microorganisms, emphasising the fundamental role that they play in our everyday lives by using examples in medicine and biotechnology.

20 credits

Genetics 1

This course is an introduction to the principles of genetics. Students will explore the genetics of pro- and eukaryotes by studying the mechanisms of gene transmission, genetic exchange, mutations and gene mapping. Additional topics are the genetic basis of diseases, prenatal diagnosis, genetic counselling, gene therapy and genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Students will learn through lectures and videos and independent study.

10 credits

Core modules:

Pharmacology

 Pharmacology is focused on advancing our understanding of what drugs do to living systems, and how their effects can be applied to therapeutics.  The module begins with a focus on fundamental principles underpinning drug action at the cellular level, including a detailed examination of the different types of drug receptor interactions and the quantitative methods used to assess them.  This will be followed by an introduction to pharmacokinetics and the factors that regulate drug concentration in the body.  Key considerations in drug discovery and the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of human diseases will also be discussed, including examination of the safety assessments that must be carried out and different stages of clinical trials.  Theoretical lectures will be complemented with detailed descriptions of old and new anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat common ailments.  The module ends with an in-depth discussion of drugs used in the treatment of common disorders of the central nervous system, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.  As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of key pharmacological principles.

10 credits

Advanced Molecular Cell Biology

The aim of this module is to provide you with an in-depth understanding of some of the main concepts and problems in molecular cell biology. The module is also designed to emphasize the importance of this field to modern medicine. The module will explore  key areas in molecular cell biology including e.g. DNA repair, the cytoskeleton, cell communication, cell signalling and vesicular trafficking in cells. Sessions will incorporate aspects of primary experimental research, and introduce you to the research literature and how this informs our understanding. Topics will also be related to relevant diseases. Teaching will be provided through lectures and practicals. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

Advanced Skills in Biomedical Science

This module develops students' appreciation of and aptitude in the scientific method, practical research skills, experimental design, information technology, data visualisation and analysis, critical evaluation, writing and presentation skills, and how science underpins innovative solutions to societal or commercial challenges. The module builds on skills developed in L1. In the autumn semester students will perform a small research project and have the opportunity to further develop their research skills in the spring semester. Students will develop skills in data visualisation and statistics with additional training and through reports on research projects. Students will develop their academic writing skills by preparing essays and lab reports and develop additional scientific communication, such as oral presentation and poster writing skills. This module develops employability skills via interview training, LinkedIn profile writing (or equivalent), and reflection on career choice and skill development.

30 credits

Optional modules:

A student will take a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 40 credits from this group.

Physiology of Cells and Systems

This module covers advanced physiological concepts of cells and systems, building on the physiology covered in the first year.  The module starts by reviewing the basic cellular physiology that is critical for the normal function of all cells.  These key aspects are then revisited, looking at a range of specific systems within the body.  Systems are reviewed from the molecular level up to whole body physiology, with an emphasis on the physiology and pathophysiology of ion channels and transport proteins.  Advanced physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is covered, along with a number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, hypertension, sudden cardiac death and acid base balance disturbances.  The module then reviews the advanced physiology of the nervous and muscular systems, looking at myotonia, ataxia, epilepsy and myasthenia gravis. You will also study the pharmacological approaches used to treat a range of different diseases.  Experimental evidence presented in lectures will show you how research approaches can be used to help inform our understanding of disease.  The module uses an active learning approach, with interactive classes aimed at consolidating your knowledge and understanding, and developing your skills in problem solving and critical analysis, together with lectures, and practical classes to provide key content and additional skills development in physiology. 

The module aims to: 1. Provide students with a knowledge of key aspects of cellular physiology.2. Examine advanced systems physiology and pathophysiology, showing the impact of molecular and cellular changes. 3. Review pharmacological treatments of disease. 4. Provide opportunities to develop skills in critical analysis, experimental design and problem solving.  

20 credits

Advanced Developmental Biology

This module will introduce students to some of the key principles that underpin the formation of a complex multicellular embryo from a single cell, with a particular emphasis on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the production of different cell types and their organization into functional organs. Students will learn about conservation, reiteration and diversification of developmental processes during evolution, and the relevance of animal model studies to gaining an understanding of human development and to recent advances in medicine. Teaching will be provided through a combination of lectures and laboratory classes. As well as traditional didactic lectures, active learning sessions will be employed to consolidate knowledge and understanding of principles.

20 credits

A student will take a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 40 credits from this group.

Introduction to Human Anatomy (Part A)

This practical unit introduces UGL2 students to the anatomy of the human body. Students will study the systems of the human body in small groups.  The module will allow students to develop their anatomical knowledge and enterprise skills to complete a coursework project.  The module is designed to enable students to acquire a solid foundation and understanding of the anatomy of the human body including the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and upper limb. The practical sessions will be supported by a series of briefing lectures and independent/guided learning activities. This module will be assessed via examination.

10 credits

Developmental Neurobiology

How is the nervous system built and maintained so that it functions appropriately? This module will equip you with the ability to apply basic principles in developmental biology to nervous system assembly and maintenance. You will examine experimental evidence that reveals the principles underpinning development of the vertebrate nervous system. Emphasis will be placed on understanding core principles gained through analysis of model organisms, emphasising that mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. You will see how these core principles underpin our ability to understand and manipulate the human nervous system, so that we are better able to understand degeneration and regeneration.

10 credits

Biology of Stem Cells, Ageing and Cancer

This module will allow you to gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the processes that govern stem cell biology, ageing and cancer. Emphasis will be placed on key concepts linking stem cells, embryonic development and the maintenance/growth of adult body systems. Furthermore, you will gain knowledge of the biological basis of cancer, deepening your understanding on the mechanisms that drive tumour formation.

10 credits

Neural circuits, behaviour and memory

This module aims to provide you with a broad understanding of neuroscience. You will cover areas such as neurophysiology, molecular biology, model organisms and simple behaviours. The topics covered will add to your knowledge and understanding from first year, putting in place a more advanced understanding of the concepts needed to support the more complex topics concerning higher brain function, behaviour, biological psychiatry and neurodegenerative disease.

10 credits

Introduction to Human Anatomy

This practical unit will introduce Level 2 undergraduate students to the anatomy of the human body on both a cellular and gross level. It will give them an opportunity to study the systems of the human body in small groups.  It is designed to enable students to acquire a solid foundation and understanding of the anatomy of the human body, trunk, abdomen, pelvis, upper and lower limbs, neck and the head. The practical sessions will be supported by a series of lectures and assessment will be by examination. Students will be expected to work independently to complete some of the work.  Upon successful completion of the course, students should be well equipped to embark on advanced anatomy courses at Level 3. The focus of this course is to correlate the structure of the human body with function. The location and relationship of structures within the thorax, limbs, abdomen, pelvis and head will be determined through a variety of interactive learning and teaching methods.

20 credits

Industrial Experience

Contact department for more information.

Core modules:

Literature Review

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study.  They will work individually, guided by a member of staff, to identify a key biological question and will address this through a comprehensive literature review.  Students will synthesise information to explore the current state of knowledge, critically evaluate areas of uncertainty and debate, and suggest ways that the field may progress in the future.  They will present their findings in the format of a review paper.

20 credits

Research Project

In this module students will consolidate the skills and knowledge they have gained in earlier levels of study and apply these during a capstone research experience. A range of project types will be available, including laboratory-based, field-based, bioinformatics, computer modelling, education, and science communication. Students will work in groups, guided by a member of staff, to plan a research project, assess health, safety and ethical considerations, undertake the research, and analyse the data. Students will then work individually on interpreting, evaluating and communicating their findings  via a formal report written in the style of a research publication.

30 credits

Optional modules:

Practical classes - a student will take 20 credits from this group.

Group Research Initiatives

This module centres on a research project that is tackled by a group or groups rather than individuals and gives experience in group dynamics of a research team aiming for a specific goal in a finite time. The projects involves the use of animal blood. Tasks involve library searches for relevant references, statistical handling of data, use of graph packages, production of a group report (web based) and writing of a research abstract (individually).

10 credits

Pharmacological Techniques

This practical module is based on using the organ bath to measure the response of several rat organs to a wide range of drugs. The module will provide experience with a technique employed by the pharmaceutical industry. The module will also provide experience in planning experiments, data analysis, data interpretation and presentation.

10 credits

Neuroscience Techniques

The module is based around teaching students a range of modern neuroscience techniques by trying to answer the overall question: Can the MED cells provide a replacement for primary DRG? The practical sessions are divided into two halves (i) establishing the in vivo molecular properties of DRG neurons and (ii) Can the MED cells provide a replacement for primary DRG? The practical utilises an in-house conditionally immortalised mouse dorsal root ganglion cell line (MED17.11) derived by M. Nassar and M. Holley which can differentiate easily (temperature change from 33°C to 37°C) into nociceptors over 7 days. Students will be taught basic cell culture using this cell line and can set up flasks of cells that can either be grown in an undifferentiated state or be differentiated into sensory neurons for use in downstream practical sessions. In addition, students will be shown how to section either (i) Frozen rat tissue (DRGs) using a cryostat or (ii) Paraffin-embedded section (again DRGs) using a microtome. Following on from the session on the basic techniques of cell culture, cryostat and microtome, two 'molecular' techniques will be taught in subsequent practicals (i) immunofluorescent staining for NF200 and peripherin and image analysis (ii) cDNA production/RT-PCR. The results from these techniques will be compared to staining results obtained from (i) paraffin-embedded and (ii) eg OCT fresh/frozen samples of mouse DRG stained for the same antibodies.

20 credits

Forensic Anatomy

In this module students apply their knowledge of human anatomy to determine the identity of human remains. During the course, students will be trained in forensic techniques of identification and forensic anthropology. The students will learn in depth the anatomy of the face and will do a Forensic Facial Reconstruction of a skull.

20 credits

A student will take a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 70 credits from this group.

Membrane Receptors

The module will examine the main families of integral membrane proteins that act as surface receptors to sense the extracellular environment and signal this information to produce changes in cell function. Specific emphasis is placed on receptors which are therapeutic targets for the treatment of common human diseases, including allergy and chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. This module explores the latest concepts and ideas in our understanding of the molecular structure and signalling underpinning membrane receptor function, the experimental approaches used to gain this understanding and ultimately how this knowledge may be used to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of disease. The module is taught by research active academics with a wide spectrum of experience in this field. We will base our teaching around current research and hope you find the material interesting and enjoyable.

10 credits

Molecular Physiology of Ion Channels and Human Disease

The module will start with an overview of the different ion channel families found in electrically excitable cells, before moving on to their biophysical properties and inhibition by drugs used in medical research. The majority of the module will then focus on the physiological role of ion channels in these cells, examining a number of tissues such as muscle and the nervous system. In this systems based approach students will learn about the molecular physiology of a variety of different ion channels, including Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and cation channels. The importance of ion channels in physiological function is highlighted by channelopathies, diseases associated with ion channel mutations. This module will therefore also concentrate on the role of ion channels in a number of these diseases, such as myotonia and long QT syndrome. The emphasis throughout will be to appreciate how experimental research informs our understanding of ion channel physiology, reflecting the University's mission statement to lead teaching by current research. 

10 credits

Modelling Human Disease and Dysfunction

The module will provide students with an understanding of how post-genomic developmental biology impacts on our ability to understand, and treat, chronic disease/dysfunction of the body. Students will be introduced to major experimental systems and approaches that are pertinent to disease modelling. These include genetically-tractable animal model and in vitro cellular systems (including stem cells). We will explore the principles involved in how these systems are exploited to develop new strategies for intervention, including new therapeutics. Critical evaluation of research papers will allow students to gain experience of analysing experimental work, data presentation and interpretation of results.

10 credits

Epithelial Physiology in Health and Disease

This module examines the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelia, drawing on research to evidence how changes in the transport of ions and solutes leads to disease.  The majority of the module will focus on a detailed investigation of the molecular basis of epithelial ion secretion and absorption, examining diseases such as cystic fibrosis, and the impact of infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2.  Particular emphasis will be placed throughout these lectures on respiratory epithelial cells, although other epithelia will also be discussed. In addition, the controversial problem of water transport will be examined. This will include the importance of transepithelial transport routes and specific membrane transport proteins such as aquaporins and proposed water co-transporters and the role these proteins play in the movement of gases across cell membranes. The emphasis throughout will be to appreciate how experimental research informs our understanding of these issues, reflecting the university's mission statement to lead teaching by current research.

10 credits

Biomedical Technology and Drug Development

This module examines some of the key technologies that underpin modern biomedical research. Over the course of the module we will follow the development of a hypothetical antibody-based anti-cancer treatment through discovery, development and clinical trials. Teaching will be via a combination of lectures and site visits to local facilities. Led by experts in these technologies, site visits will demonstrate the application of cutting edge biomedical technologies at first hand. The aim is for students to gain a fundamental understanding of the biology, chemistry and physics that underlies some of the key techniques in modern biomedical research.This module will examine the steps involved in the development of a hypothetical new antibody- based treatment for malignant melanoma. This 'bottom up' approach will be used as a framework from which to examine some of the technologies underlying modern biomedical science. Each of these key technologies will be studied at the level of the physics, chemistry and biology involved so as to gain a fundamental insight into how they work, what they can do and what their limitations might be.The course will begin by examining gene discovery approaches involving the use of next generation sequencing which could be used to identify genes whose expression is up regulated in tumours. High throughput screening of RNAi libraries will then be examined as a means of phenotypic / functional screening for gene validation.

10 credits

Membrane Dynamics in Health and Disease

Many diseases arise from defects in core machinery associated with cell membrane dynamics.  The aim of this module is to understand fundamental aspects of membrane dynamics including endocytosis, constitutive and regulated secretion and autophagy.  Using specific diseases as exemplars, we will explore how defects in membrane dynamics at the cellular levels have profound effects on the whole organism. Emphasis will be placed on the experimental evidence that underpins our current models of cell dynamics in health and disease. Informal journal club presentations describing seminal discoveries will be a key component of the module.

10 credits

Neurodevelopment and Behaviour

This course examines the mechanisms that underlie development of the nervous system during embryogenesis. Examples will be described from a variety of model organisms to introduce key steps in the establishment of the CNS and PNS, steps that include neural induction, neural patterning, early segregation of CNS and PNS, the establishment and refinement of connectivity in the nervous system. Recent research from teachers of this course, and from both the classical and current literature is used to analyse and evaluate theories and mechanisms of establishment of the functional nervous system.

10 credits

Stem Cell Biology

This unit aims to provide students with an in-depth account of stem cell biology and their application to regenerative medicine. Special reference will be made to the molecular and genetic control of cell fate specification and differentiation. Consideration will be given to existing and potential clinical use of stem cells and their derivatives, and the ethical issues that these raise. As this is a rapidly developing field, strong emphasis will be placed on understanding the current controversies in the literature. Teaching and learning will be by lectures and tutorials and will be supported by web-based materials. Students will be expected to demonstrate a critical appreciation of the current literature, its controversies and key concepts

10 credits

Pharmacology of Respiratory Disease

Using the respiratory system as the focus, this module aims to further the students understanding of how the body defends itself from the ever-present threat of pathogenic attack; in particular what happens when the host fails in its defence and succumbs to respiratory disease, and the pharmacological strategies that can be employed in an attempt to restore homeostasis and a return to health. Formative assessment will be by an on-line quiz; summative assessment will be by formal examination.

10 credits

Sensory Neuroscience

This module covers the adult function and functional development of the auditory system, including sensory transduction and information processing. It will focus primarily on the periphery but will include representation of information in central pathways, with attention to mammalian animal models. The aims will be to show how physiological and developmental mechanisms combine to create the exquisite structural and functional tuning of the auditory system to the external world and how complex sensory information is encoded in the nervous system.

10 credits

Principles of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

This unit will provide students with an overview of the multidisciplinary concepts underpinning regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Through detailed examples of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies for replacing specific organs and tissues, students will be introduced to the key steps of the regenerative medicine and tissue engineering process from bench to bedside. The course will present topical research in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and enable students to critically assess the current limitations and potential applications of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for medical applications, drug discovery and food manufacturing.The unit will provide an overview of the central topics of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, including cell sourcing, biomaterial properties and design, and cell-material interactions. Particular emphasis will be given to the recent cutting-edge examples of applying regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to restore function of various organ systems.

10 credits

Cancer Biology

The unit will provide a description of the nature of genomic complexity as revealed using next generation sequencing technology. It will explore cancer genotypes and phenotypes in the context of 8 essential characteristics that are common to all cancers, and which collectively dictate malignant growth. These characteristics are : self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of programmed cell death, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion/metastasis, avoidance of immune destruction, and de-regulated cellular energetics. It will discuss how genome instability arises, and together with tumour-promoting inflammation, how these enable the emergence of all other cancer characteristics. It will utilize this conceptual framework to discuss recent and future developments in cancer therapeutics. A brief review of fundamental principles in genetics and molecular cell biology will be given. Nevertheless, students should have a basic understanding of genetics, molecular biology and cell biology

10 credits

The Kidney in Health and Disease

The module examines the physiology and pathophysiology of the renal system, drawing on research to evidence how changes in the transport of ions, solutes and water leads to disease. We will evaluate the process of filtration and formation of urine, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that underpin these.  Areas covered will include the glomerulus, inherited and acquired sodium handling conditions (including the impact of cytokines and SARS-CoV-2), and urea and water transport pathophysiology. The emphasis throughout will be to evaluate how experimental research informs our understanding of renal physiology and pathophysiology, developing student skills in problem solving and critical analysis.  

10 credits

Cardiovascular Pharmacology: personalising medicine

This module aims to describe all aspects of modern cardiovascular pharmacology to enable the student to understand how and why medical treatments for cardiovascular disease are becoming increasingly personalised. Drugs that influence the function of the heart, blood vessels and blood cells in cardiovascular disease states and their interactions in humans will be discussed. New approaches to the multimodal treatment of heart disease will be explained. Formative assessment will be by an on-line quiz; summative assessment will be by an extended coursework essay from a choice of up to 3 with emphasis upon contemporary pharmacological themes in cardiovascular medicine.

10 credits

Biological Basis of Brain Disease 1: Neurodegeneration

The module will examine recent and current research into human neurodegenerative disease including Huntington's, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and motor neuron disease. In addition, reference may be made to the spongiform encephalopathies, frontal dementias and Lewy body disease, with emphasis on their inter-relationships and commonalities. The genetic and non-genetic aetiological influences, defining pathology and pathophysiology and current understanding of the underlying biology will be examined by a detailed consideration of current research in these areas. The module will also include discussion of the prevention and treatment of the diseases, highlighting possible therapies which may be useful in several pathologies.

10 credits