Professor Peter Bath
BSc (Technical) (University of Wales), MSc (Sheffield), PhD (Sheffield)
Information School
Professor of Health Informatics
+44 114 222 2636
Full contact details
Information School
Room C225
The Wave
2 Whitham Road
Sheffield
S10 2AH
- Profile
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I have been interested in information science and health informatics for 23 years.
My interest in these areas developed at the end of my first degree in Applied Biology, when I came to Sheffield to study for my MSc in Information Studies in the then Department of Information Studies.
At the end of the MSc, I studied for my PhD in chemical structure handling under the supervision of Professor Peter Willett and Dr. Frank Allen (Cambridge). I was appointed Research Fellow (1994-1996), then Lecturer (1996-2000), in Information Science in the Sheffield Institute for Studies on Ageing (SISA) at the University of Sheffield, which had been set up by Professor Ian Philp in 1994.
I re-joined the Department of Information Studies in 2000, when I was appointed Lecturer in Health Informatics to set up the new MSc in Health Informatics programme and became Head of the Health Informatics Research Group.
I was appointed Professor of Health Informatics in the Information School in 2013.
University responsibilities
- Chair, University Research Ethics Committee (UREC).
- Head of School (2016-2019).
- University Research Ethics Committee (UREC) - Faculty of Social Sciences representative (2007-2013).
- Member of University Research Governance Sub-Committee (2003-2004).
- Member of University of Sheffield Working Group on monitoring arrangements for health care research projects. (2003-2004).
- Director, Centre for Health Information Management Research (CHIMR).
- Deputy Programme Coordinator for the Health Informatics programme.
- Module Coordinator:
- Data Analysis;
- Analysis of Health Information;
- Research Methods and Dissertation Preparation (Health Informatics);
- Dissertation (Health Informatics).
- Research interests
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My research interests are in Health Informatics and include the following areas:
- The use of e-Health resources by different consumer groups.
- Health information needs and information behaviours of patients, their families, carers and the general public.
- Evaluation of information systems within health care organisations.
- Applications of artificial intelligence and data mining techniques to analysing health information.
- Analysing health information in relation to the health and well-being of older people.
I am particularly interested in how patients, carers and health professionals seek, obtain and share information and advice in relation to their health and well-being through online digital resources, e.g., the Web, online discussion groups. I am developing an interest in how different groups develop trust and empathy online in life-threatening and traumatic conditions.
I have experience of researching the quality of online information resources that patients, carers and the public use in relation to their health.
I have undertaken collaborative research with a range of organisations, including NHS Direct, the World Health Organisation, Macmillan Cancer Support and have been involved in a wide range of inter-disciplinary funded projects, including with colleagues from computer science, geriatric medicine, nursing, palliative care, biomedical engineering, psychiatry, public health medicine, epidemiology, health economics, statistics.
I also coordinate the ISHIMR conference series. The most recent International Symposium for Health Information Management Research (ISHIMR 2013) took place in Halifax, NS, Canada in June 2013 and the 17th International Symposium for Health Information Management Research (ISHIMR 2013) will take place in York in 2015.
I am interested in supervising PhDs in the following areas:
- Use of social media by patients, carers and family members
- Health information needs and information behaviours of patients, their families, carers and the general public.
- Understanding and evaluating the importance of e-Health systems to support patient care.
- Applications of statistical methods, and artificial intelligence and data mining techniques to analysing health data, particularly in relation to the health and well-being of older people
I am head of the Health Informatics Research Group
Research projects
Monitoring the transition to Open Access in the UK
Universities UK Investigator £10,800 2 January 2015 5 months Monitoring the transition to open access in the UK is a project sponsored by Universities UK analysing the various strands of evidence of the take-up of open-access publishing and dissemination by UK researchers. The project is investigating the availability of different open-access options, evidence of their take-up, usage of open-access materials, and the financial sustainability of open-access approaches. Partners in the project are the Research Information Network, University of Sheffield, Research Consulting and Elsevier.
A Shared Space and a Space for Sharing: A Transdisciplinary Exploration of Online Trust and Empathy
Economic and Social Research Council Principal Investigator £1,137,516 30 June 2014 30 months This two and a half year trans-disciplinary project is funded by the ESRC Emoticon (Empathy and Trust in Communicating Online) call. The project involves the Universities of Birmingham, Edinburgh, Nottingham, Kings College London and the University of Kent at Canterbury. The aim of the project is to develop a better understanding of how people in extreme circumstances (ranging from dangerous and addictive drug use, life-threatening illness, to suicidal ideation and natural disasters) share information, emotion and resources in online environments.
Systematic Review of the effects of telephone assessment on OOH care
NHS Direct Principal Investigator £4,111 1 September 2012 13 months A feasibility study of a holistic needs assessment questionnaire in a supportive and palliative care
MacMillan Cancer Support Investigator £141,265 1 January 2010 30 months Predictive models of Suicide, Self-Harm and Violence in Psychosis
Sheffield Health and Social Research Consortium Investigator £10,000 26 February 2007 12 months An intervention to help patients understand their symptoms of acute chest pain
The Health Foundation Investigator £60,627 1 November 2005 24 months Medical Records Review Methods
Department of Health Investigator £472,176 1 May 2004 33 months Use of graph-theoretical methods in computation chemistry for pattern identification
Medical Research Council Principal Investigator £49,392 1 May 2001 36 months
- Publications
-
Show: Featured publications All publications
Featured publications
Journal articles
- Pre-hospital prediction of adverse outcomes in patients with suspected COVID-19 : development, application and comparison of machine learning and deep learning methods. Computers in Biology and Medicine. View this article in WRRO
- Accuracy of emergency medical service telephone triage of need for an ambulance response in suspected COVID-19 : an observational cohort study. BMJ Open, 12(5). View this article in WRRO
- Accuracy of telephone triage for predicting adverse outcomes in suspected COVID-19: an observational cohort study. BMJ Quality and Safety. View this article in WRRO
- 965 Accuracy of emergency (999) telephone triage for predicting adverse outcomes in suspected COVID-19: an observational cohort study. Emergency Medicine Journal, 39(3), 250.1-250. View this article in WRRO
- Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a prehospital setting : an observational cohort study. Emergency Medicine Journal. View this article in WRRO
- Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a pre-hospital setting: an observational cohort study. View this article in WRRO
- Factors Affecting General Practitioners’ Readiness to Accept and Use an Electronic Health Record System in the Republic of North Macedonia: A National Survey of General Practitioners. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9(4), 1-10.
- Physical activity and long-term survival in older men and women: A 21 year longitudinal study. Activities, Adaptation and Aging. View this article in WRRO
- Relational regularized risk prediction of acute coronary syndrome using electronic health records. Information Sciences, 465, 118-129. View this article in WRRO
- Sharing and empathy in digital spaces: qualitative study of online health forums for breast cancer and motor neuron disease. (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6). View this article in WRRO
- A ‘gold-centric’ implementation of open access: Hybrid journals, the ‘total cost of publication’ and policy development in the UK and beyond. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(9), 2248-2263. View this article in WRRO
- Development of Trust in an Online Breast Cancer Forum: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5). View this article in WRRO
- Making sense of dementia: A phenomenographic study of the information behaviours of people diagnosed with dementia. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 69(3), 261-277. View this article in WRRO
- The “total cost of publication” in a hybrid open-access environment: Institutional approaches to funding journal article-processing charges in combination with subscriptions. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(7), 1751-1766. View this article in WRRO
- Recording signs of deterioration in acute patients: The documentation of vital signs within electronic health records in patients who suffered in-hospital cardiac arrest.. Health Informatics J, 22(1), 21-33.
- On mining latent treatment patterns from electronic medical records. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 29(4), 914-949. View this article in WRRO
- Individual Factors Affecting Preferences for Feedback Message Tactics in the Contexts of Physical Activity. Journal of Health Communication, 20(2), 220-229.
- Open-access repositories worldwide, 2005-2012: Past growth, current characteristics, and future possibilities. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(12), 2404-2421. View this article in WRRO
- A structured judgement method to enhance mortality case note review: development and evaluation.. BMJ Quality & Safety, 22(12), 1032-1040. View this article in WRRO
- Information management and quality of palliative care in general practices: Secondary analysis of a UK study. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 126-140. View this article in WRRO
- An assessment of the quality of information on stroke and speech and language difficulty web sites. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 113-125. View this article in WRRO
- What factors influence emergency department staff attitudes towards using information technology?. Emergency Medicine Journal, 30(4), 303-307.
- The association of geographical location and neighbourhood deprivation with older people's use of NHS direct: A population-based study. Age and Ageing, 42(1), 57-62.
- Older people's use of NHS Direct. Age and Ageing, 40(3), 335-340. View this article in WRRO
- Information overload and information poverty: Challenges for healthcare services managers?. Journal of Documentation, 67(2), 238-263. View this article in WRRO
- Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for examining healthcare professionals' assessments of risk factors: The relative importance of risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people. Methods of Information in Medicine, 50(5), 435-444.
- View this article in WRRO Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 341.
- Comparison of case note review methods for evaluating quality and safety in health care. Health Technology Assessment, 14(10), 1-170. View this article in WRRO
- What progress has been made towards implementing national guidance on end of life care? A national survey of UK general practices. Palliative Medicine, 24(1), 68-78.
- Accessibility versus confidentiality of information in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 26(12), 857-860. View this article in WRRO
- Information sheets for patients with acute chest pain: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 338(7696).
- A content analysis of mass media sources in relation to the MMR vaccine scare. Health Informatics Journal, 14(4), 323-334. View this article in WRRO
- Health informatics: Current issues and challenges. Journal of Information Science, 34(4), 501-518. View this article in WRRO
- Understanding the information behaviours of carers of people with dementia: A critical review of models from information science. Aging and Mental Health, 12(4), 467-477. View this article in WRRO
All publications
- Journal articles
- Chapters
- Conference proceedings papers
- Reports
- Website content
- Posters
- Other
- Preprints
Journal articles
- Prognostic accuracy of eight triage scores in suspected COVID-19 in an Emergency Department low-income setting: An observational cohort study. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14(1), 51-57.
- Training and testing of a gradient boosted machine learning model to predict adverse outcome in patients presenting to emergency departments with suspected covid-19 infection in a middle-income setting. PLOS Digital Health, 2(9). View this article in WRRO
- An unsupervised learning approach to diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease using brain magnetic resonance imaging scans. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 173, 105027-105027.
- Socioeconomic background and self-reported sleep quality in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5).
- Association between internet usage and quality of life of elderly people in England: evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23).
- Pre-hospital prediction of adverse outcomes in patients with suspected COVID-19 : development, application and comparison of machine learning and deep learning methods. Computers in Biology and Medicine. View this article in WRRO
- Accuracy of emergency medical service telephone triage of need for an ambulance response in suspected COVID-19 : an observational cohort study. BMJ Open, 12(5). View this article in WRRO
- Accuracy of telephone triage for predicting adverse outcomes in suspected COVID-19: an observational cohort study. BMJ Quality and Safety. View this article in WRRO
- 965 Accuracy of emergency (999) telephone triage for predicting adverse outcomes in suspected COVID-19: an observational cohort study. Emergency Medicine Journal, 39(3), 250.1-250. View this article in WRRO
- Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a prehospital setting : an observational cohort study. Emergency Medicine Journal. View this article in WRRO
- Impact of NHS 111 online on the NHS 111 telephone service and urgent care system: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 9(21). View this article in WRRO
- Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a pre-hospital setting: an observational cohort study. View this article in WRRO
- Factors Affecting General Practitioners’ Readiness to Accept and Use an Electronic Health Record System in the Republic of North Macedonia: A National Survey of General Practitioners. JMIR Medical Informatics, 9(4), 1-10.
- Sensor-based platforms for remote management of chronic diseases in developing regions: A qualitative approach examining the perspectives of healthcare professionals. Health Informatics Journal, 27(1). View this article in WRRO
- ‘Someone like me’ : user experiences of the discussion forums of non-12-step alcohol online support groups, June 2019. Addictive Behaviors, 98. View this article in WRRO
- Online health forums : the role of online support for people living with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Management. View this article in WRRO
- The use of data mining methods for the prediction of dementia : evidence from the English longitudinal study of aging. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. View this article in WRRO
- Novel insights into views towards H1N1 during the 2009 Pandemic: a thematic analysis of Twitter data. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 36(1), 60-72. View this article in WRRO
- ‘Berrypicking’ in the formation of ideas about problem drinking amongst users of alcohol online support groups. Information in Contemporary Society, 11420, 806-816. View this article in WRRO
- Empowering people with type two diabetes through online support groups. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 171(Suppl), 3-3. View this article in WRRO
- Predicting loneliness in older age using two measures of loneliness. International Journal of Computers and Applications, 1-14. View this article in WRRO
- Physical activity and long-term survival in older men and women: A 21 year longitudinal study. Activities, Adaptation and Aging. View this article in WRRO
- Relational regularized risk prediction of acute coronary syndrome using electronic health records. Information Sciences, 465, 118-129. View this article in WRRO
- Predictors of Loneliness among Older Men and Women in England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(Supplement 1), A60-A60. View this article in WRRO
- Sharing and empathy in digital spaces: qualitative study of online health forums for breast cancer and motor neuron disease. (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(6). View this article in WRRO
- Evaluation of websites that contain information relating to malaria in pregnancy. Public Health Journal, 157, 50-52. View this article in WRRO
- Factors influencing the quality of vital sign data in electronic health records: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. View this article in WRRO
- Implementation of a metastatic malignancy of unknown primary origin service led by a palliative physician. Hospital Practice, 46(1), 37-42. View this article in WRRO
- Impact of epidemiological publications among health professionals in disease surveillance – experience from Jaffna, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(2), 23-33. View this article in WRRO
- A ‘gold-centric’ implementation of open access: Hybrid journals, the ‘total cost of publication’ and policy development in the UK and beyond. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(9), 2248-2263. View this article in WRRO
- Development of Trust in an Online Breast Cancer Forum: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5). View this article in WRRO
- Making sense of dementia: A phenomenographic study of the information behaviours of people diagnosed with dementia. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 69(3), 261-277. View this article in WRRO
- Vital sign documentation in electronic records: The development of workarounds.. Health Informatics J. View this article in WRRO
- The “total cost of publication” in a hybrid open-access environment: Institutional approaches to funding journal article-processing charges in combination with subscriptions. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 67(7), 1751-1766. View this article in WRRO
- Recording signs of deterioration in acute patients: The documentation of vital signs within electronic health records in patients who suffered in-hospital cardiac arrest.. Health Informatics J, 22(1), 21-33.
- A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Holistic Needs Assessment Questionnaire in a Supportive and Palliative Care Service. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(5), 587-598. View this article in WRRO
- On mining latent treatment patterns from electronic medical records. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 29(4), 914-949. View this article in WRRO
- Can comprehensive specialised end-of-life care be provided at home? Lessons from a study of an innovative consultant-led community service in the UK.. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl), 24(2), 253-266. View this article in WRRO
- Individual Factors Affecting Preferences for Feedback Message Tactics in the Contexts of Physical Activity. Journal of Health Communication, 20(2), 220-229.
- Open-access repositories worldwide, 2005-2012: Past growth, current characteristics, and future possibilities. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(12), 2404-2421. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Reaching health service managers with research. Information Research, 19(4).
- Emergency Department Information Systems and Workflows-A Pilot Study. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 205, 1199.
- Wireless monitoring systems for enhancing national health services in developing regions. HEALTHINF 2014 - 7th International Conference on Health Informatics, Proceedings; Part of 7th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2014, 511-516. View this article in WRRO
- A structured judgement method to enhance mortality case note review: development and evaluation.. BMJ Quality & Safety, 22(12), 1032-1040. View this article in WRRO
- Variable documentation of vital signs in an electronic health record in patients at risk of in-hospital cardiac arrest could pose a threat to patient safety. European Journal fo Cardiovascular Nursing, 12, S55-S56.
- Information management and quality of palliative care in general practices: Secondary analysis of a UK study. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 126-140. View this article in WRRO
- New developments in the spatial scan statistic. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 36-47. View this article in WRRO
- An assessment of the quality of information on stroke and speech and language difficulty web sites. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 113-125. View this article in WRRO
- A study on the use of Gumbel approximation with the Bernoulli spatial scan statistic. Statistics in Medicine, 32(19), 3300-3313.
- CICERO: an emergent conceptual model for onco-EPR systems.. Stud Health Technol Inform, 192, 1131.
- Information needs of clinicians and non-clinicians in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 30(3), 191-200.
- What factors influence emergency department staff attitudes towards using information technology?. Emergency Medicine Journal, 30(4), 303-307.
- Clinical and neuropsychological aspects of non-fatal self-harm in schizophrenia. European Psychiatry, 28(6), 344-348. View this article in WRRO
- The association of geographical location and neighbourhood deprivation with older people's use of NHS direct: A population-based study. Age and Ageing, 42(1), 57-62.
- An analysis of electronic document management in oncology care. Health Informatics Journal, 18(2), 135-146. View this article in WRRO
- International perspectives on how information and ICT can support healthcare. Health Informatics Journal, 18(2), 79-82. View this article in WRRO
- Acceptance of health information technology in health professionals: An application of the revised technology acceptance model. Health Informatics Journal, 18(2), 124-134. View this article in WRRO
- A new, palliative care led, pathway approach to care in metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 2(Suppl 1), A46.1-A46.
- Feasibility study of the sheffield profile for assessment and referral for care. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 2(Suppl 1), A43.3-A44.
- Patient and carer reports of care in metastatic presentation of cancer of unknown primary origin. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 2(Suppl 1), A46.2-A46.
- Understanding how information and ICTs can improve health. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 12(1), 11-14.
- 'Onco alerts' to support acute oncology services. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 180, 1191-1193.
- The use and usability of EPR systems in oncology. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 180, 398-402.
- Exploring the Relationship between Quality of Life and Mortality in Old Age: A Comparative Study. Gerontologist, 51, 441-442.
- Older people's use of NHS Direct. Age and Ageing, 40(3), 335-340. View this article in WRRO
- Measuring the spatial accuracy of the spatial scan statistic. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 2(2), 69-78. View this article in WRRO
- Health and social care information for visually-impaired people. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 63(2-3), 256-274. View this article in WRRO
- Information overload and information poverty: Challenges for healthcare services managers?. Journal of Documentation, 67(2), 238-263. View this article in WRRO
- Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for examining healthcare professionals' assessments of risk factors: The relative importance of risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people. Methods of Information in Medicine, 50(5), 435-444.
- The harmonisation of longitudinal data: A case study using data from cohort studies in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Ageing and Society, 30(8), 1419-1437. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 341.
- Evaluation and implementation of e-health and health information initiatives: International perspectives. Health Informatics Journal, 16(3), 161-163. View this article in WRRO
- Factors influencing the use of IT in the emergency department: A qualitative study. Health Informatics Journal, 16(3), 189-200. View this article in WRRO
- Evaluation of short-term effectiveness of the disease management program "di.Pro.Di." on continuity of care of patients with congestive heart failure. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(8), 1603-1604. View this article in WRRO
- Assessing quality of care from hospital case notes: Comparison of reliability of two methods. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 19(6).
- Comparison of case note review methods for evaluating quality and safety in health care. Health Technology Assessment, 14(10), 1-170. View this article in WRRO
- A power-enhanced algorithm for spatial anomaly detection in binary labelled point data using the spatial scan statistic. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 6277 LNAI(PART 2), 163-172. View this article in WRRO
- What progress has been made towards implementing national guidance on end of life care? A national survey of UK general practices. Palliative Medicine, 24(1), 68-78.
- Accessibility versus confidentiality of information in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Journal, 26(12), 857-860. View this article in WRRO
- Life satisfaction as a predictor of mortality hazard among elderly people in the United Kingdom and Taiwan.. Gerontologist, 49, 314-314.
- The Information Behaviour of Carers of People with Dementia: What Difference Does a Year Make?. Gerontologist, 49, 395-395.
- The national programme for IT in England: Clinicians' views on the impact of the choose and book service. Health Informatics Journal, 15(3), 167-178. View this article in WRRO
- Paper-based versus computer-based records in the emergency department: Staff preferences, expectations, and concerns. Health Informatics Journal, 15(3), 199-211.
- Special issue editorial: The changing face of health informatics and health information management. Health Informatics Journal, 15(3), 163-165. View this article in WRRO
- Effectiveness of a rapid response service for frail older people.. Nursing older people, 21(5). View this article in WRRO
- The development of a clinically useful tool for predicting the development of psychological disorder following injury. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(1), 31-45. View this article in WRRO
- Information sheets for patients with acute chest pain: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 338(7696).
- A graph-theory method for pattern identification in geographical epidemiology - A preliminary application to deprivation and mortality. International Journal of Health Geographics, 8(1). View this article in WRRO
- Special issue: From research to development to implementation: Challenges in health informatics and health information management. Health Informatics Journal, 14(4), 243-245. View this article in WRRO
- Healthcare managers' decision making: Findings of a small scale exploratory study. Health Informatics Journal, 14(4), 247-258. View this article in WRRO
- A content analysis of mass media sources in relation to the MMR vaccine scare. Health Informatics Journal, 14(4), 323-334. View this article in WRRO
- Health informatics: Current issues and challenges. Journal of Information Science, 34(4), 501-518. View this article in WRRO
- Understanding the information behaviours of carers of people with dementia: A critical review of models from information science. Aging and Mental Health, 12(4), 467-477. View this article in WRRO
- Modelling the expected net benefits of interventions to reduce the burden of medication errors. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 13(2), 85-91. View this article in WRRO
- Development of a patient-oriented tool for evaluating the quality of breast cancer information on the Internet. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 136, 297-302.
- A prospective hazard and improvement analytic approach to predicting the effectiveness of medication error interventions. Safety Science, 45(4), 523-539. View this article in WRRO
- Welcome to ISHIMR 2007. Information Research, 12(3).
- Welcome to ISHIMR 2007. Information Research, 12(2).
- View this article in WRRO Assessing the quality of websites providing information on multiple sclerosis: evaluating tools and comparing sites.. Health Informatics J., 13, 207-221.
- Can two established information models explain the information behaviour of visually impaired people seeking health and social care information?. Journal of Documentation, 63(1), 9-32. View this article in WRRO
- An examination of the levels of confidence that consultants have in routinely collected clinical information. Health Informatics Journal, 12(1), 49-64. View this article in WRRO
- Mr. Smith has mesothelioma: The typical patient's experience. Journal of Palliative Care, 22(3), 230-230.
- Studying health information from a distance: refining an e-learning case study in the crucible of student evaluation.. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 22 Suppl 2, 8-19. View this article in WRRO
- Use of graph theory to identify patterns of deprivation and high morbidity and mortality in public health data sets. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 12(6), 630-641. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Social isolation as a predictor of health outcomes in older people.. Gerontologist, 45, 515-515.
- View this article in WRRO Factors affecting changes in social engagement among community-dwelling older men and women. Gerontologist, 45, 565-565.
- View this article in WRRO Persisting differences in levels of self-rated health in older people in the Netherlands and the UK. Gerontologist, 45, 269-269.
- Identification of risk factors for 15-year mortality among community-dwelling older people using cox regression and a genetic algorithm. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(8), 1052-1058.
- Social engagement and health and social care use and medication use among older people. European Journal of Ageing, 2(1), 56-63. View this article in WRRO
- Social engagement and health outcomes among older people: Introduction to a special section. European Journal of Ageing, 2(1), 24-30. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Predictors of social engagement among community-dwelling older men and women. Gerontologist, 44, 415-416.
- View this article in WRRO Predictors of long-term physical and psychological health among community-dwelling older people. Gerontologist, 44, 141-141.
- Evaluation of a hospital avoidance scheme for older people with sub-acute illness. Gerontologist, 44, 189-189.
- Risk factors for fifteen-year mortality in older people using genetic algorithms and cox regression (CORGA). Gerontologist, 44, 272-272.
- The use of Cox regression and genetic algorithm (CoRGA) for identifying risk factors for mortality in older people. Health Informatics Journal, 10(3), 221-236. View this article in WRRO
- The International Observatory on End of Life Care (IOELC): An information resource for palliative care. Health Informatics Journal, 10(2), 121-126. View this article in WRRO
- The impact of health scares on parents' information needs and preferred information sources: A case study of the MMR vaccine scare. Health Informatics Journal, 10(1), 5-22. View this article in WRRO
- Data Mining in Health and Medical Information. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 38. View this article in WRRO
- Information Retrieval: A Health and Biomedical Perspective. Information Research, 9(2).
- Health information needs of visually impaired people: A systematic review of the literature. Health and Social Care in the Community, 12(1), 1-24. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Social activity as a determinant of health in later life. Gerontologist, 43, 577-578.
- Differences between older men and women in the self-rated health-mortality relationship. Gerontologist, 43(3), 387-395. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO The role of the information specialist in the systematic review process: a health information case study.. Health Information and Libraries Journal, 20(2), 65-74.
- Self-rated health, gender, and mortality in older persons: Introduction to a special section. Gerontologist, 43(3), 369-371. View this article in WRRO
- The Provision of Information by Health Promotion Units to People of Asian Origin Living in the UK. Health Informatics Journal, 9(1), 39-56.
- Evaluation of Websites that Provide Information on Alzheimer's Disease. Health Informatics Journal, 9(1), 17-31.
- Studying health information from a distance: the impact of a multimedia case study. HEALTH INFORMATICS JOURNAL, 2003 Mar;, 5–15-5–15. View this article in WRRO
- The International Observatory on End of Life Care: A new research and development initiative in palliative care. Progress in Palliative Care, 11(3), 136-138. View this article in WRRO
- Development and application of a tool designed to evaluate web sites providing information on Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Information Science, 29(4), 279-297.
- Validation of graph-theoretical methods for pattern identification in public health datasets. Health Informatics Journal, 8(4), 167-173.
- Interpersonal sources of health and maternity information for Somali women living in the UK information seeking and evaluation. Journal of Documentation, 58(3), 302-318. View this article in WRRO
- The maternity information concerns of Somali women in the United Kingdom. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(2), 237-245. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Geriatric assessment in primary care: formulating best practice.. British Journal of Community Nursing, 6(6), 290-295.
- View this article in WRRO Information-seeking behaviors of women with breast cancer.. Oncology nursing forum, 28(5), 899-907.
- The use of between-methods triangulation in cancer nursing research: A case study examining information sources for partners of women with breast cancer. Cancer Nursing, 24(2), 104-111. View this article in WRRO
- Studying health informatics from a distance: issues, problems and experiences. HEALTH INFORMATICS JOURNAL, 2001 Sep-D, 138–145-138–145. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Exploring the information flow: partners of women with breast cancer, patients, and healthcare professionals.. Oncology nursing forum, 27(8), 1267-1275.
- The psychometric properties of the Miller Behavioural Style Scale with adult daughters of women with early breast cancer: A literature review and empirical study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 366-374. View this article in WRRO
- Getting the questions right: An example of loss of validity during transfer of a brief screening approach for depression in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(7), 650-655. View this article in WRRO
- Mass media sources for breast cancer information: Their advantages and disadvantages for women with the disease. Journal of Documentation, 56(3), 235-249. View this article in WRRO
- The information needs and source preferences of women with breast cancer and their family members: A review of the literature published between 1988 and 1998. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(4), 833-841. View this article in WRRO
- Meeting the information needs of adult daughters of women with early breast cancer: Patients and health care professionals as information providers. Cancer Nursing, 23(1), 71-79. View this article in WRRO
- Standardized health check data from community-dwelling elderly people: the potential for comparing populations and estimating need.. Health & Social Care in the Community, 8(1), 17-21. View this article in WRRO
- New approach to risk determination: Development of risk profile for new falls among community-dwelling older people by use of a genetic algorithm neural network (GANN). Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(1). View this article in WRRO
- Self-rated health as a risk factor for prescribed drug use and future health and social service use in older people. Journals of Gerontology - Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 54(11). View this article in WRRO
- A cost–outcome evaluation of UK generic Macmillan nursing services: methodological challenges. Palliative Medicine, 13(6), 511-512.
- Sleep, longevity and mental health.. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 32(2), 155-155.
- SheffSCOPE: Using change management to introduce and evaluate health outcome measures in primary health care for older people.. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 32(2), 34-34.
- Differential risk factor profiles for indoor and outdoor falls in older people living at home in Nottingham, UK. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15(1), 65-73. View this article in WRRO
- The information concerns of spouses of women with breast cancer: Patients' and spouses' perspectives. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(6), 1249-1258. View this article in WRRO
- Customary physical activity and physical health outcomes in later life. Age and Ageing, 27(SUPPL. 3), 29-34. View this article in WRRO
- Customary physical activity and psychological wellbeing: A longitudinal study. Age and Ageing, 27(SUPPL. 3), 35-40. View this article in WRRO
- Location of Fall and Survival in Older People. Age and Ageing, 27(suppl 2), 16-16.
- The Extent of the Relationship between the Graph-Theoretical and the Geometrical Shape Coefficients of Chemical Compounds. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 35(4), 714-716. View this article in WRRO
- Angular Spectroscopy: Rapid Visualization of Three-Dimensional Substructure Dissimilarity Using Valence Angle or Torsional Descriptors. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 35(2), 261-271. View this article in WRRO
- Response to Comment on “The Extent of the Relationship between the Graph-Theoretical and the Geometrical Shape Coefficients of Chemical Compounds. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 35(6), 1081. View this article in WRRO
- Similarity Searching in Files of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures: Comparison of Fragment-Based Measures of Shape Similarity. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 34(1), 141-147. View this article in WRRO
- Effect of standardization on fragment-based measures of structural similarity. Journal of Chemometrics, 7(6), 543-550. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Similarity searching in databases of three-dimensional molecules and macromolecules.. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 32, 617-630.
- LMIC-PRIEST: Derivation and validation of a clinical severity score for acutely ill adults with suspected COVID-19 in a middle-income setting. PLoS ONE.
- External validation of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a middle-income setting: an observational cohort study. Emergency Medicine Journal.
- Can all healthy adults use the current evidential breath alcohol analysers? An investigation using a large spirometry database. Medico-Legal Journal.
- Use of online health forums by people living with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis (Preprint). JMIR Cancer.
- Social Support in a Diabetes Online Community: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis (Preprint). JMIR Diabetes.
- Corrigendum: Impact of NHS 111 Online on the NHS 111 telephone service and urgent care system: a mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research, 9(21), 148-149.
- Notifiable disease surveillance in Sri Lanka and the United Kingdom: a comparative study. Sri Lanka Journal of Bio-Medical Informatics, 4(1), 14-14.
- WEB-BASED SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING RISK FACTORS FOR FALLS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING ELDERLY PEOPLE USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 2(2).
- Healthcare Services Managers: What Information do They Need and Use?. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 3(3), 18-18.
- ChemInform Abstract: Similarity Searching in Databases of Three-Dimensional Molecules and Macromolecules.. ChemInform, 24(12), no-no.
Chapters
- A Health Decision Support Framework for the Prediction of Cognitive Ability in Older People, Proceedings of Fifth International Congress on Information and Communication Technology (pp. 395-405). Springer Singapore
- Zika Outbreak of 2016: Insights from Twitter, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 447-458). Springer International Publishing
- View this article in WRRO Chapter 4 Using Twitter as a Data Source: An Overview of Ethical, Legal, and Methodological Challenges In Iphofen R & Woodfield K (Ed.), Book Series: Advances in Research Ethics and Integrity
- Chapter 4: Using Twitter as a Data Source: An Overview of Ethical, Legal, and Methodological Challenges, The Ethics of Online Research (pp. 79-107). Emerald Publishing Limited
- IT in Palliative Care, Palliative Care in Nursing Maidenhead: McGrawHill.
- Pattern Identification in Public Health Data Sets, GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making CRC Press
- Pattern Identification in Public Health Data Sets: The Potential Offered by Graph Theory, GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making (pp. 183-200). CRC Press
- Pattern identification in public health data sets: The potential offered by graph theory, GIS and Evidence-Based Policy Making (pp. 159-176).
Conference proceedings papers
- 1482 Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a middle-income setting. Emergency Medicine Journal, Vol. 39(12) (pp A976-A977)
- The Benefits of Using Online Health Support Groups for Information Acquisition for People with Type 2 Diabetes in the UK. Proceedings of the 18th international symposium on health information management research
- Online support groups as a source of empowerment for people with type 2 diabetes. MEDINFO 2019: Health and Wellbeing e-Networks for All, Vol. 264 (pp 1893-1894). Lyon, France, 25 August 2019 - 30 August 2019. View this article in WRRO
- Automatic prediction of depression in older age. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics 2019. Xiamen, China, 17 May 2019 - 19 May 2019. View this article in WRRO
- CHANGES IN LONELINESS AND PATTERNS OF LONELINESS AMONG OLDER PEOPLE. Innovation in Aging, Vol. 2(suppl_1) (pp 480-481), 14 November 2018 - 18 November 2018. View this article in WRRO
- Healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards remote patient monitoring through sensor networks. 2018 IEEE 20th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), 17 September 2018 - 20 September 2018.
- Moral Panic through the Lens of Twitter. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society
- View this article in WRRO Using Twitter for Insights into the 2009 Swine Flu and 2014 Ebola outbreaks. iConference 2018 Poster Descriptions, 25 March 2018 - 28 March 2018.
- Prediction of Loneliness in Older People. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Medical and Health Informatics (pp 165-172), 8 June 2018 - 10 June 2018. View this article in WRRO
- The Role of Stories in Three Non-12 Step Alcohol Online Support Groups. Transforming Digital Worlds, Vol. 10766 (pp 126-131), 25 March 2018 - 28 March 2018. View this article in WRRO
- Measuring the Effect of Public Health Campaigns on Twitter: The Case of World Autism Awareness Day (pp 10-16) View this article in WRRO
- P617 Reasons for poor vital sign documentation in electronic health records: a qualitative study. European Heart Journal, Vol. 38 (pp 113-114), 26 August 2017 - 30 August 2017. View this article in WRRO
- View this article in WRRO Topics Discussed on Twitter at the Beginning of the 2014 Ebola Epidemic in United States. Ideals
- Impact of health informatics implementation on clinical workflow: A review. Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 2 (pp 1352-1360)
- Threats identification in healthcare information systems using Genetic Algorithm and Cox regression. 5th International Conference on Information Assurance and Security, IAS 2009, Vol. 2 (pp 757-760)
- It in the emergency department:What is the impact of technology?. HEALTHINF 2009 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Health Informatics (pp 454-457)
- The National Programme for IT (NPFIT) in England: How Can Clinicians be Encouraged to Use the Choose and Book Service. HEALTHINF 2009 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Health Informatics (pp 211-215)
- View this article in WRRO Use of graph theory for data mining in public health. Management Information Systems, Vol. 6 (pp 819-828)
- Knowledge discovery in the WHO health for all database: Developing a taxonomy of mortality patterns for European countries. Conference Proceedings of Current Perspectives in Healthcare Computing (pp 551-556)
- The sustainability of non-12-step alcohol online support groups: views from group users. Proceedings of the 18th international symposium on health information management research
- View this article in WRRO Feasibility of sensor-based technology for monitoring health in developing countries - cost analysis and user perception aspects
- View this article in WRRO The Ebola epidemic on Twitter: challenges for health informatics. The Seventeenth International Symposium for Health Information Management (pp 289-289). York, 24 June 2015 - 26 June 2015.
- View this article in WRRO Comparison of Twitter APIs and tools for analysing Tweets related to the Ebola Virus Disease. http://ifutures.group.shef.ac.uk/. Sheffield, 7 July 2015 - 7 July 2015.
Reports
- View this article in WRRO Monitoring the transition to open access: A report for Universities UK
Website content
Posters
- View this article in WRRO “Access denied”? Managing access to the World Wide Web within the National Health Service (NHS) in England: technology, risk, culture, policy and practice. ISHIMR, York, UK.
Other
- Response to performance of the Hull Salford Cambridge Decision Rule: the start of the traumatic brain injury (TBI) assessment and recovery journey. Emergency Medicine Journal.
- Scoping review of equity in the health needs and service coverage of older people.
Preprints
- LMIC-PRIEST: Derivation and validation of a clinical severity score for acutely ill adults with suspected COVID-19 in a middle-income setting, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
- Use of online health forums by people living with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative analysis (Preprint), JMIR Publications Inc..
- Feasibility of sensor-based technology for monitoring health in developing countries - cost analysis and user perception aspects, arXiv.
- Prognostic accuracy of triage tools for adults with suspected COVID-19 in a middle-income setting: an observational cohort study, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
- Social Support in a Diabetes Online Community: A Mixed Methods Content Analysis (Preprint), JMIR Publications Inc..
- Pre-Hospital Prediction of Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Suspected COVID-19: Development, Application and Comparison of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods.
- Accuracy of emergency medical service telephone triage of need for an ambulance response in suspected COVID-19: An observational cohort study.
- Accuracy of telephone triage for predicting adverse outcome in suspected COVID-19: An observational cohort study.
- Factors Affecting General Practitioners’ Readiness to Accept and Use an Electronic Health Record System in the Republic of North Macedonia: A National Survey of General Practitioners (Preprint), JMIR Publications Inc..
- Sharing and Empathy in Digital Spaces: Qualitative Study of Online Health Forums for Breast Cancer and Motor Neuron Disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) (Preprint), JMIR Publications Inc..
- Research group
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Current PhD Students
Abdulaziz Almanea: The Role of Online Support Groups in Empowering People with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom
Adelina Basholli: Wireless monitoring systems for enhancing health services in developing regions.
Daisy Da Moura Semedo: Mining health information on the Social Web: towards an understanding of the influence of social media on public healthcare
Suzanne Duffin: A study of information needs and information sharing amongst people on the autism spectrum, using online support and discussion groups
Yuyang Liu: Machine learning and health informatics
Muntaha Nafisa: Evaluating health information systems Research Title : Evaluating the quality of the existing EHR Systems of Govt. Healthcare facilities of Bangladesh: Journey Towards National Shared Health Record
Emily Nunn: Open access and the non-academic reader: Investigating the potential impact outside the academic community of open access to medical and education research.
Sally Sanger: Alcohol online support groups: the role of discussion forums in constructing users' understanding of their condition/disease.
Liliana Sepulveda Garcia: Nonintrusive monitoring of the aging population in rural Mexico through mobile technologies.
Yuhua Wang: Developing a better understanding of the factors that influence digital inclusion for active and healthy ageing among older people.
Visiting PhD Students
Noora Hirvonen: Information Behavior in Stages of Exercise Behavior Change
Kalpana Chandrasekar: Comparison of Notifiable Disease Surveillance Systems in Sri Lanka and the UK. Completion date: November 2013
Paolo Melillo: Use of data mining methods to analyse data on health in older people Completion date: February 2012
Leandro Pecchia: Economy and Management of Healthcare Services and Organizations. Completion date: January 2009
Completed PhD Students
Jennifer Salter: Understanding health changes through the analysis of electricity consumption data.
Jean Stevenson-Agren: Documentation of vital signs in electronic health records: a patient safety issue.
Simon Read: Methods for the improved implementation of the spatial scan statistic when applied to binary labelled point data.
Rabiah Ahmad: Cox Proportional Hazard Regression and Genetic Algorithms (CoRGA) for Analysing Risk Factors for All-Cause Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older People.
Haleh Ayatollahi: Factors influencing attitudes towards the use of information technology in the emergency department.
Catherine Beverley: The Health and Social Care Information Needs and Behaviour of People with a Visual Impairment.
Louise Guillaume: The Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccine scare: the information needs and information sources of parents.
Juliet Harland: Making Sense of Dementia.
Wen-Chin Hsu: Older people's use of the NHS Direct telephone advice and information service.
Chih-Ping Li: Quality of Life Among Older People in the UK and Taiwan.
Jacqueline Macdonald: The Information Sharing Behaviour of Health Service Managers: a three-part study.
Joel Minion: The Information World of Gay Men Living with HIV.
Robinah Namuleme: Information seeking in Ugandan universities.
Reza Rabiei: Perceptions of, and Satisfaction with, the NHS Choose and Book Service in England.
Theocharis Stavroulakis: The information needs and behaviours of women in relation to osteoporosis: Implications for health promotion.
Kyeung Mi Oh: Priorities for the development of older people' services in South Korea-lessons from the United Kingdom.
- Teaching interests
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My main areas of teaching are aligned with my research interests, particularly in relation to health information and health informatics. I also supervise post-graduate dissertations in these areas.
Teaching Projects
Problem-based learning in professional development: design, pilot and evaluation of a multimedia case study approach. University of Sheffield Learning and Teaching Development group £23,930 2001 9 months I was part of a group that was awarded a substantial grant to develop a unique multimedia case study for use via WebCT, to enhance the student learning experience.
The case study involved problem-based learning, individual and group learning activities, use of online communication tools through WebCT. Evaluation of the case study demonstrated that is it had a very positive impact on the student learning experience.
The case study was used to provide an educational and technical exemplar of distributed and problem-based learning of value to other professional development programmes across the University.
I was involved in the project management, design and development of learning materials and learning tasks and the evaluation of the case study.
Research into the development and evaluation of the study resulted in an invitation to present at the Spotlight 2002 conference, presentations at three international conferences and two publications in Conference Proceedings.
- Teaching activities
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I am Deputy Programme Co-ordinator for the MSc Health Informatics programme, having previously been the Programme Co-ordinator from 2000-2004 and from 2008-2012. On this programme I co-ordinate and teach the Research Methods and Dissertation Preparation module, as well as the Dissertation module itself. I teach one of the elective modules, Analysis of Health Information, which introduces students to the use of statistics in analysing health data. I also teach a couple of lectures on other modules, Introduction to Health Informatics and The Internet, Web and E-health.
- Professional activities and memberships
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- Invited speaker at the 35th Wireless World Research Forum meeting in Copenhagen (October 2015). Title of talk: "eHealth and mHealth - future perspectives"
- Keynote speaker at the 4th International Conference on “Well-being in the Information Society” (WIS 2012), Turku, Finland, August 2012. Title of the key-note speech: “The Information Society and an Ageing Society: how information can support health and well-being in later life”.
- Keynote speaker at the Health and Information Mastering workshop in Turku, Finland, June 2007. Title of talk: ‘Health Information Management: ethical issues and health information’.
- Invited speaker at the Healthcare Computing 2011 conference, the UK’s leading conference for IM&T managers in the National Health Service (April 2011). Title of talk: “The interface between information, health and healthcare delivery”.
- Invited speaker on British Computer Society (The Chartered Institute for IT) video debate on Health Informatics.
- Invited speaker at the Pan-European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management at Helsingborg, Sweden, November 1995. Title of the talk: “The Use of Databases and Information Systems to support the care of stroke patients“.
- Guest Editor of special issues of the Health Informatics Journal to publish the best papers from the ISHIMR conferences (2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).
- Guest Editor of special issues of European Journal of Ageing (2005) and The Gerontologist (2003).
- Associate Editor, Health Informatics Journal. (2008-present). Member of Editorial Board, Health Informatics Journal. (2006-present).
- External Examiner for higher degrees by research at the following institutions: Napier University, UK (PhD, 2013); University of Malaya, Malaysia (PhD, 2013); Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand (PhD, 2012 and 2009); University of Nottingham, UK (PhD, 2012); University of Manchester, UK, (MPhil, 2011); Liverpool John Moores University, UK (PhD, 2011).
- Conference Coordinator of the International Symposium for Health Information Management Research (ISHIMR) series of conferences. Since taking over the co-ordination of the conferences in 2005, I have been responsible for collaborating with overseas institutions to host the conference in Canada (2013) Switzerland (2011), Sweden (2009), New Zealand (2008), UK (2007), Canada (2006) and Greece (2005).
- External Advisor on Personal Chair promotion panels: University of South Florida, Florida, USA; Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore; Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
- Advisor to the World Health Organisation (Regional Office for Europe) (1995).